Pulmonary Administration of TLR2/6 Agonist after Allergic Sensitization Inhibits Airway Hyper-Responsiveness and Recruits Natural Killer Cells in Lung Parenchyma.

Asthma is a chronic lung disease with persistent airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity, mucus overproduction, and airway remodeling. Antagonizing T2 responses by triggering the immune system with microbial components such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has been suggested as a therapeutic concept for allergic asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a TLR2/6 agonist, FSL-1 (Pam2CGDPKHPKSF), administered by intranasal instillation after an allergic airway reaction was established in the ovalbumin (OVA) mouse model and to analyze the role of natural killer (NK) cells in this effect.

Regulation of IL (Interleukin)-33 Production in Endothelial Cells via Kinase Activation and Fas/CD95 Upregulation.

Objective: The occurrence of new blood vessel formation in the lungs of asthmatic patients suggests a critical role for airway endothelial cells (ECs) in the disease. IL-33 (Interleukin-33)-a cytokine abundantly expressed in human lung ECs-recently emerged as a key factor in the development of allergic diseases, including asthma. In the present study, we evaluated whether mouse and human ECs exposed to the common allergen produce IL-33 and characterized the activated signaling pathways.

Muc5b-deficient mice develop early histological lung abnormalities.

Gel-forming mucins are the main organic component responsible for physical properties of the mucus hydrogels. While numerous biological functions of these mucins are well documented, specific physiological functions of each mucin are largely unknown. To investigate functions of the gel-forming mucin Muc5b, which is one of the major secreted airway mucins, along with Muc5ac, we generated mice in which Muc5b was disrupted and maintained in the absence of environmental stress.

CCL17 production by dendritic cells is required for NOD1-mediated exacerbation of allergic asthma.

Rationale: Pattern recognition receptors are attractive targets for vaccine adjuvants, and polymorphisms of the innate receptor NOD1 have been associated with allergic asthma.

Objectives: To elucidate whether NOD1 agonist may favor allergic asthma in humans through activation of dendritic cells, and to evaluate the mechanisms involved using an in vivo model.

Methods: NOD1-primed dendritic cells from allergic and nonallergic donors were characterized in vitro on their phenotype, cytokine secretion, and Th2 polarizing ability.

Migration and accumulation of eosinophils toward regional lymph nodes after airway allergen challenge.

Background: Eosinophils play a major role in allergic airway inflammation because of their ability to release toxic mediators. In addition, they are able to migrate toward draining thoracic lymph nodes (TLNs) after intratracheal administration, where they can function as antigen-presenting cells.

Objective: In this study, we evaluated in vivo eosinophil migration toward the TLN after allergen sensitization and analyzed expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is expressed in airways and inhibits features of airway remodeling in a mouse asthma model.

Background: Allergic asthma is associated with persistent functional and structural changes in the airways and involves many different cell types. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue and plays a major role in regulating adipocyte differentiation and glucose metabolism. Recently, PPAR-gamma has been shown to play an important role in the control of inflammatory responses, including within the lung, acting on both immune and nonimmune cells.

Monocyte-derived dendritic cells induce a house dust mite-specific Th2 allergic inflammation in the lung of humanized SCID mice: involvement of CCR7.

In rodents, airway dendritic cells (DCs) capture inhaled Ag, undergo maturation, and migrate to the draining mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN) to initiate the Ag-specific T cell response. However, the role of human DCs in the pathogenesis of the Th2 cell-mediated disease asthma remains to be clarified. Here, by using SCID mice engrafted with T cells from either house dust mite (HDM)-allergic patients or healthy donors, we show that DCs pulsed with Der p 1, one of the major allergens of HDM, and injected intratracheally into naive animals migrated into the MLN.