There is currently one clinically approved high-intensity focused ultrasound device for transcranial brain surgery that uses a multielement phased array to correct phase distortions caused by the skull.
The study assesses the performance of this device's phase correction methods against a full-wave simulation and an invasive hydrophone-based correction for 5 skulls and 2 targets per skull.
Results show that both the clinical software and full-wave simulation achieve similar pressure restoration metrics, but performance declines for off-center targets and when the incident angles of the ultrasound beam exceed 20°.