Dose estimation for bivalirudin during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass.

Aim: A typical adult-based bivalirudin regimen during cardiopulmonary bypass uses a loading dose of 1 mg kg and a circuit prime (volume L × 13 mg) with a subsequent intravenous infusion 2.5 mg h  kg . Dose in children remains unknown.

Single versus triple injection ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block: confirmation of the effectiveness of the single injection technique.

Background: The optimal site for local anesthetic placement during ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block remains controversial.

Methods: Patients were randomized to receive lidocaine 2% 30 mL as a single injection posterior to the axillary artery (n = 51) or a triple injection ideally adjacent to each brachial plexus cord (n = 49). Pinprick sensory and motor block (3 = no block, 0 = complete block) were assessed to 20 minutes in the 4 distal nerve territories.