and Sequence Variations in Brazilian Asthmatic Patients.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory condition, characterized by variable airflow limitation, leading to clinical symptoms such as dyspnea and chest tightness. These symptoms result from an underlying inflammatory process. The β2 agonists are bronchodilators prescribed for the relief of the disease.

Phylogenomic and genomic analysis reveals unique and shared genetic signatures of complex species.

Species belonging to the complex (MKC) are frequently isolated from humans and the environment and can cause serious diseases. The most common MKC infections are caused by the species (), leading to tuberculosis-like disease. However, a broad spectrum of virulence, antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity of these non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are observed across the MKC.

Post-exposure prophylaxis in leprosy (PEOPLE): a cluster randomised trial.

Background: Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) using single-dose rifampicin reduces progression from infection with Mycobacterium leprae to leprosy disease. We compared effectiveness of different administration modalities, using a higher (20 mg/kg) dose of rifampicin-single double-dose rifampicin (SDDR)-PEP.

Methods: We did a cluster randomised study in 16 villages in Madagascar and 48 villages in Comoros.

Description of new species of complex isolated from sewage at the São Paulo zoological park foundation in Brazil.

Five mycobacterial isolates from sewage were classified as members of the genus but presented inconclusive species assignments. Thus, the isolates (MYC017, MYC098, MYC101, MYC123 and MYC340) were analyzed by phenotypical, biochemical, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and genomic features to clarify their taxonomic position. Phenotypic analysis and biochemical tests did not distinguish these isolates from other non-pigmented mycobacteria.

Human N-acetyltransferase 2 () gene variability in Brazilian populations from different geographical areas.

Several polymorphisms altering the activity have already been identified. The geographical distribution of variants has been extensively studied and has been demonstrated to vary significantly among different ethnic population. Here, we describe the genetic variability of human N-acetyltransferase 2 () gene and the predominant genotype-deduced acetylation profiles of Brazilians.

Hi-plex deep amplicon sequencing for identification, high-resolution genotyping and multidrug resistance prediction of Mycobacterium leprae directly from patient biopsies by using Deeplex Myc-Lep.

Background: Expansion of antimicrobial resistance monitoring and epidemiological surveillance are key components of the WHO strategy towards zero leprosy. The inability to grow Mycobacterium leprae in vitro precludes routine phenotypic drug susceptibility testing, and only limited molecular tests are available. We evaluated a culture-free targeted deep sequencing assay, for mycobacterial identification, genotyping based on 18 canonical SNPs and 11 core variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) markers, and detection of rifampicin, dapsone and fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations in rpoB/ctpC/ctpI, folP1, gyrA/gyrB, respectively, and hypermutation-associated mutations in nth.

Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium leprae in the state of São Paulo, an area of low-leprosy incidence in Brazil.

Background: Brazil has the second largest number of leprosy cases worldwide, and the state of São Paulo has been considered non-endemic since 2006.

Methods: We analyzed 16 variable number tandem repeats loci and three single nucleotide polymorphisms loci of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) in 125 clinical isolates from patients in different municipalities in the state.

Genomic Diversity of the Rarely Observed Genotype of the Central Asian (CAS) Lineage 3 from North Brazil.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) Central Asian Strain (CAS) Lineage 3 (L3) genotype is predominantly found in East-Africa, Central-Asia, Western-Asia, and South-Asia; however, a new spoligotyping CAS/SIT2545 was found in northern regions of Brazil. We aimed to characterize and describe the genetic diversity and perform a phylogenetic assessment of this novel genotype. We performed 24-MIRU-VNTR loci and Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of six Brazilian isolates previously spoligotyped.

Genomic analysis of variant strains isolated from bovine in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

The species variant ( var. ) is associated with tuberculosis, mainly in cattle and buffaloes. This pathogen has the potential to infect other mammals, including humans.

Heterogeneous persistence of Mycobacterium leprae in oral and nasal mucosa of multibacillary patients during multidrug therapy.

Background: Leprosy is curable by multidrug therapy (MDT) treatment regimen ranging from six to 12 months. The variable levels of tolerance and adherence among patients can, however, result in treatment failure and the emergence of drug-resistant strains.

Objectives: Describe the impact of MDT over Mycobacterium leprae viability in patient's oral and nasal mucosa along treatment.

Investigating drug resistance of Mycobacterium leprae in the Comoros: an observational deep-sequencing study.

Background: Despite strong leprosy control measures, including effective treatment, leprosy persists in the Comoros. As of May, 2022, no resistance to anti-leprosy drugs had been reported, but there are no nationally representative data. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with rifampicin is offered to contacts of patients with leprosy.

Tuberculosis drug resistance profiling based on machine learning: A literature review.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) poses a major threat to the World Health Organization's "End TB" strategy which has defined its target as the year 2035. In 2019, there were close to 0.

Practical approach to detection and surveillance of emerging highly resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing 1071-32-cluster.

Ancient sublineage of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype is endemic and prevalent in East Asia and rare in other world regions. While these strains are mainly drug susceptible, we recently identified a novel clonal group Beijing 1071-32 within this sublineage emerging in Siberia, Russia and present in other Russian regions. This cluster included only multi/extensive drug resistant (MDR/XDR) isolates.

Genotypic Characterization of Isolates From Dairy Cattle Diagnosed With Clinical Tuberculosis.

Molecular diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis plays an essential role in the epidemiological knowledge of the disease. Bovine tuberculosis caused by represents a risk to human health. This study aimed to perform the genotypic characterization of isolated from bovines diagnosed as tuberculosis from dairy herds in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.

A Murine Model of Infection Reproducing Necrotic Lung Pathology Reveals Considerable Heterogeneity in Virulence of Clinical Isolates.

Among non-tuberculous mycobacteria, is one of the most pathogenic, able to cause pulmonary disease indistinguishable from tuberculosis in immunocompetent susceptible adults. The lack of animal models that reproduce human-like lung disease, associated with the necrotic lung pathology, impairs studies of virulence and pathogenicity. In this study, we examined the ability of the C57BL/6 mice, intratracheally infected with highly virulent strains, to produce a chronic infection and necrotic lung pathology.

Whole-Genome Sequences of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. Isolates from Brazil.

The Mycobacterium abscessus complex comprises multidrug-resistant, opportunistic, and rapidly growing pathogens responsible for severe infections. Here, we report the genome composition of four Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. isolates from three sources: two from the lung of a cystic fibrosis patient, one from a mammary cyst, and one from a gutter system.

Multispacer Sequence Typing for Genotyping.

The molecular typing of , which causes bovine tuberculosis, can be accomplished by combining different polymorphic markers, contributing to its epidemiological investigation. Multispacer sequence typing (MST) is a sequencing-based method that employs intergenic regions susceptible to higher mutation rates given the low selection pressure. It has been applied to , but not to .

Local adaptation in populations of endemic to the Indian Ocean Rim.

Lineage 1 (L1) and 3 (L3) are two lineages of the complex (MTBC) causing tuberculosis (TB) in humans. L1 and L3 are prevalent around the rim of the Indian Ocean, the region that accounts for most of the world's new TB cases. Despite their relevance for this region, L1 and L3 remain understudied.

Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Brazil before the whole genome sequencing era: a literature review.

Molecular-typing can help in unraveling epidemiological scenarios and improvement for disease control strategies. A literature review of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in Brazil through genotyping on 56 studies published from 1996-2019 was performed. The clustering rate for mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units - variable tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) of 1,613 isolates were: 73%, 33% and 28% based on 12, 15 and 24-loci, respectively; while for RFLP-IS6110 were: 84% among prison population in Rio de Janeiro, 69% among multidrug-resistant isolates in Rio Grande do Sul, and 56.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Drug Susceptibility Assessment of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Clinical Strains.

Purpose: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis. Despite the protection offered by the vaccine, in some circumstances children and immunocompromised individuals can develop associated infections, known as BCGitis. Drug susceptibility patterns of BCG clinical strains have rarely been described.