"Falling Behind," "Letting Go," and Being "Outsprinted" as Distinct Features of Pacing in Distance Running.

Introduction: In distance running, pacing is characterized by changes in speed, leading to runners dropping off the leader's pace until a few remain to contest victory with a final sprint. Pacing behavior has been well studied over the last 30 years, but much remains unknown. It might be related to finishing position, finishing time, and dependent on critical speed (CS), a surrogate of physiologic capacity.

Utility of the W´ model in training programme design for masters cyclists.

The present study aims to determine the utility of integrating balance model (W´) in designing interval training programmes as assessed by improvements in power output, critical power (CP), and W prime (W´) defined as the finite work capacity above CP. Fourteen male cyclists (age = 42 ± 7 yr, body mass = 69.6 ± 6.

Accounting for Dynamic Changes in the Power-Duration Relationship Improves the Accuracy of W' Balance Modeling.

Purpose: This study aimed 1) to examine the accuracy with which W' reconstitution (W' REC ) is estimated by the W' balance (W' BAL ) models after a 3-min all-out cycling test (3MT), 2) to determine the effects of a 3MT on the power-duration relationship, and 3) to assess whether accounting for changes in the power-duration relationship during exercise improved estimates of W' REC .

Methods: The power-duration relationship and the actual and estimated W' REC were determined for 12 data sets extracted from our laboratory database where participants had completed two 3MT separated by 1-min recovery (i.e.

The W' Balance Model: Mathematical and Methodological Considerations.

Since its publication in 2012, the W' balance model has become an important tool in the scientific armamentarium for understanding and predicting human physiology and performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Indeed, publications featuring the model are accumulating, and it has been adapted for popular use both in desktop computer software and on wrist-worn devices. Despite the model's intuitive appeal, it has achieved mixed results thus far, in part due to a lack of clarity in its basis and calculation.

Prediction of Critical Power and W' in Hypoxia: Application to Work-Balance Modelling.

Develop a prediction equation for critical power (CP) and work above CP (W') in hypoxia for use in the work-balance ([Formula: see text]) model. Nine trained male cyclists completed cycling time trials (TT; 12, 7, and 3 min) to determine CP and W' at five altitudes (250, 1,250, 2,250, 3,250, and 4,250 m). Least squares regression was used to predict CP and W' at altitude.

Modeling Intermittent Cycling Performance in Hypoxia Using the Critical Power Concept.

Purpose: This study investigated the efficacy of an intermittent critical power (CP) model, termed the "work-balance" (W'BAL) model, during high-intensity exercise in hypoxia (HYPO).

Methods: Eleven trained male cyclists (mean ± SD age, 27 ± 6.6 yr; V˙O2peak, 4.

Intramuscular determinants of the ability to recover work capacity above critical power.

Purpose: The primary purpose of this investigation was to compare the recovery of the W' to the recovery of intramuscular substrates and metabolites using (31)P- and (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Methods: Ten healthy recreationally trained subjects were tested to determine critical power (CP) and W' for single-leg-extensor exercise. They subsequently exercised in the bore of a 1.

Effect of work and recovery durations on W' reconstitution during intermittent exercise.

Purpose: We recently presented an integrating model of the curvature constant of the hyperbolic power-time relationship (W') that permits the calculation of the W' balance (W'BAL) remaining at any time during intermittent exercise. Although a relationship between recovery power and the rate of W' recovery was demonstrated, the effect of the length of work or recovery intervals remains unclear.

Methods: After determining VO2max, critical power, and W', 11 subjects completed six separate exercise tests on a cycle ergometer on different days, and in random order.

Muscle metabolic responses during high-intensity intermittent exercise measured by (31)P-MRS: relationship to the critical power concept.

We investigated the responses of intramuscular phosphate-linked metabolites and pH (as assessed by (31)P-MRS) during intermittent high-intensity exercise protocols performed with different recovery-interval durations. Following estimation of the parameters of the power-duration relationship, i.e.

Determining anaerobic capacity in sporting activities.

Anaerobic capacity/anaerobically attributable power is an important parameter for athletic performance, not only for short high-intensity activities but also for breakaway efforts and end spurts during endurance events. Unlike aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity cannot be easily quantified. The 3 most commonly used methodologies to quantify anaerobic capacity are the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit method, the critical power concept, and the gross efficiency method.

Rationale and resources for teaching the mathematical modeling of athletic training and performance.

A number of professions rely on exercise prescription to improve health or athletic performance, including coaching, fitness/personal training, rehabilitation, and exercise physiology. It is therefore advisable that the professionals involved learn the various tools available for designing effective training programs. Mathematical modeling of athletic training and performance, which we henceforth call "performance modeling," is one such tool.

Muscle metabolic determinants of exercise tolerance following exhaustion: relationship to the "critical power".

We tested the hypothesis that muscle high-energy phosphate compounds and metabolites related to the fatigue process would be recovered after exhaustion during recovery exercise performed below but not above critical power (CP) and that these changes would influence the capacity to continue exercise. Eight male subjects completed single-leg, knee-extension exercise to exhaustion (for ∼180 s) on three occasions, followed by a work-rate reduction to severe-intensity exercise, heavy-intensity exercise ( View Article and Find Full Text PDF

Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships.

Dietary supplementation with beetroot juice (BR), containing approximately 5-8 mmol inorganic nitrate (NO3(-)), increases plasma nitrite concentration ([NO2(-)]), reduces blood pressure, and may positively influence the physiological responses to exercise. However, the dose-response relationship between the volume of BR ingested and the physiological effects invoked has not been investigated. In a balanced crossover design, 10 healthy men ingested 70, 140, or 280 ml concentrated BR (containing 4.

Modeling the expenditure and reconstitution of work capacity above critical power.

Purpose: The critical power (CP) model includes two constants: the CP and the W' [P = (W' / t) + CP]. The W' is the finite work capacity available above CP. Power output above CP results in depletion of the W' complete depletion of the W' results in exhaustion.