Sleep Quality in an Adult American Indian Community Sample.

Study Objectives: Epidemiological studies have found that insufficient sleep (< 7 h/night) is more common among American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN). In this study we sought to identify specific demographic, clinical, and cultural factors that may be associated with reduced sleep quality in an American Indian community sample.

Methods: Information on demography along with personal medical, psychiatric, and drinking history was obtained using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA).

Clinical characteristics of alcohol combined with other substance use disorders in an American Indian community sample.

Background: Alcohol and other substance use disorders (SUD) pose major problems of morbidity and mortality in some American Indian communities, but little is known about the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and consequences of combined alcohol and other substance use disorders (multi-substance use disorder, MSUD) in those communities.

Methods: Using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA), in a community sample of 876 American Indians, the clinical characteristics of lifetime DSM-5 moderate or severe alcohol use disorder alone (AUD alone) (n=146) and MSUD (defined as alcohol and ≥1 other SUD) (n=284) were evaluated and compared to 347 participants with no lifetime SUD (no SUD).

Results: The majority (57%) of participants with a SUD had multi-substance use disorder and 94% of those were with AUD.

Stimulant dependence and stimulant-associated psychosis: clinical characteristics and age of onset in a native American community sample.

Objectives: Native Americans experience some of the highest rates of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) stimulant dependence (SD) of all US ethnic groups. The present report examined the clinical characteristics and age of onset of stimulant use, SD, remission from SD, and stimulant-associated psychosis (SAP) in a Native American community sample.

Methods: Demographic information, stimulant (methamphetamine or cocaine) use, and lifetime Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) psychiatric disorder diagnoses were assessed in 858 Native Americans.

Item response theory analyses of DSM-IV and DSM-5 stimulant use disorder criteria in an American Indian community sample.

Background: Native Americans experience some of the highest rates of DSM-IV stimulant dependence (SD) of all U.S. ethnic groups.

Contributions of ethnicity to differential item functioning of cannabis abuse and dependence symptoms.

Objective: Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States, and as a result, it is associated with significant public health costs. The present study sought to investigate whether item response theory (IRT) methods could be used to identify meaningful differences in how cannabis abuse and dependence symptoms (determined by criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) function as indices of the severity of misuse across two ethnic groups: Native Americans and European Americans.

Method: Participants were drawn from two previously collected samples, a population of Native Americans living on contiguous reservations (n = 406) and the University of California at San Francisco Family Alcoholism Study (n = 728).

Use of Activated Recombinant Factor VII in Severe Bleeding - Evidence for Efficacy and Safety in Trauma, Postpartum Hemorrhage, Cardiac Surgery, and Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled bleeding continues to be a major cause of mortality in trauma, cardiac surgery, postpartum hemorrhage and liver failure. The aim of this paper is to assess the evidence supporting the efficacy of activated recombinant factor VII (rFVIIa) administration in these settings. METHODS: Electronic literature search.

Age at regular drinking, clinical course, and heritability of alcohol dependence in the San Francisco family study: a gender analysis.

We examined gender differences in age of onset, clinical course, and heritability of alcohol dependence in 2,524 adults participating in the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) family study of alcoholism. Men were significantly more likely than women to have initiated regular drinking during adolescence. Onset of regular drinking was not found to be heritable but was found to be significantly associated with a shorter time to onset of alcohol dependence.

Item response theory analysis of lifetime cannabis-use disorder symptom severity in an American Indian community sample.

Objective: The aim of this study was to use Item Response Theory to assess Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised (DSM-III-R), lifetime cannabis-use disorder (CUD) symptom severity and its relationship to first cannabis use before age 15 years, male gender, and childhood conduct disorder in an American Indian community sample.

Method: The Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism was used to determine demographic information, age at first use, and DSM-III-R childhood conduct disorder and lifetime CUD symptoms in a community sample of 349 American Indian participants who had used cannabis at least 21 times in a single year. Two-parameter Item Response Theory models generated marginal maximum likelihood estimates for discrimination (a) and threshold (b) parameters for nine DSM-III-R CUD symptoms along an underlying latent CUD severity continuum.

Cannabis dependence in the San Francisco Family Study: age of onset of use, DSM-IV symptoms, withdrawal, and heritability.

Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States, yet the role of genetics in individual symptoms associated with cannabis use disorders has not been evaluated. The purpose of the present set of analyses was to describe the symptomatology and estimate the heritability of DSM-IV criteria/symptoms of cannabis dependence in a large sample of families. Participants were 2524 adults, participating in the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Family Study of alcoholism.

Factors associated with remission from alcohol dependence in an American Indian community group.

Objective: This study identified factors associated with remission from DSM-III-R alcohol dependence in an American Indian community group.

Method: Participants were assessed by using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism.

Results: Five hundred eighty participants were assessed for alcohol use and alcohol use symptoms; 254 participants were found to have alcohol dependence.

A co-morbidity of alcohol dependence with other psychiatric disorders in young adult Mexican Americans.

Background: Mexican Americans comprise one of the most rapidly growing populations in the U.S. However, information on the co-morbidity of alcohol dependence with other psychiatric disorders in Mexican Americans is sparse.

Factors associated with remission from cannabis dependence in southwest California Indians.

Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance in the United States, and rates of cannabis use disorders in some Native American samples have been reported to be higher than in the general U.S. population.

Heritability of illicit drug use and transition to dependence in Southwest California Indians.

Objective: Native Americans have high rates of drug use and dependence yet little is known concerning its etiology or clinical course. These analyses were conducted to describe the heritability of the use of a variety of illicit drugs, as well as the conditional probability of transitioning from use to dependence for each drug class in a community sample of Native American men and women.

Methods: The sample included 460 participants (190 men and 270 women), recruited through community effort, from eight contiguous Indian reservations in Southern California.

P3 components and adolescent binge drinking in Southwest California Indians.

In adolescence, consuming a large number of drinks over a short interval of time (e.g. binging) is not an uncommon occurrence.

Co-morbidity of select anxiety, affective, and psychotic disorders with cannabis dependence in Southwest California Indians.

Cannabis dependence is co-morbid with psychiatric disorders in general population surveys, but whether co-morbidity exists in American Indian populations is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess co-morbidity between cannabis dependence and psychiatric disorders in a community sample of Southwest California (SWC) Indians. Demographic information and DSMIII- R diagnoses, including differentiation of independent and cannabis-induced psychiatric disorders, were obtained using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) developed for the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) from 513 SWC Indian adults residing on contiguous reservations.

Testing of an orthogonal measure of cultural identification with adult mission Indians.

The Orthogonal Cultural Identification Scale (OCIS; Oetting & Beauvais, 1990-91) has been validated among Native American youth, but not adults. The present study sought to test the reliability (internal consistency) and validity (construct and factorial) of the OCIS among an adult Native American sample consisting of 389 Mission Indians (61% female). Participants were recruited from reservations using a venue sampling strategy.

Age at first intoxication and alcohol use disorders in Southwest California Indians.

Background: In several national surveys, a younger age of onset of first drink and/or regular drinking has been associated with a higher likelihood of the development of alcohol dependence. Some studies have suggested that age at first drink is primarily an environmentally driven variable whereas others suggest that it may be partially mediated by a general vulnerability to exhibit problem behaviors. Although Native Americans, overall, have the highest prevalence of alcohol dependence of any U.

Age of first marijuana use and the occurrence of marijuana use disorders in Southwest California Indians.

In several national surveys a younger age of substance usage has been associated with a higher likelihood of the development of dependence. Some studies have suggested that age at first use is primarily an environmentally driven variable, whereas others suggest that it may be partially mediated by a general vulnerability to exhibit problem behaviors. Although Native Americans, overall, have the highest prevalence of substance dependence of any US ethnic group, the relationship of age of first marijuana use on the development of dependence in Native American populations is relatively unknown.

Electrophysiological responses to affective stimuli in American Indians experiencing trauma with and without PTSD.

American Indians are at high risk for exposure to violence and other traumatic events, yet few studies have investigated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or its neurobiological consequences in Indian communities. In the present study, a sample of American Indians (n = 146) were given a structured diagnostic interview that additionally indexed traumatic life events and symptoms emerging following those events. Electroencephalogram (EEG) spectra and visual event-related potentials (ERPs) to happy, sad, and neutral faces were also recorded from each participant.