M1 recruitment during interleaved practice is important for encoding, not just consolidation, of skill memory.

The primary motor cortex (M1) is crucial for motor skill learning. We examined its role in interleaved practice, which enhances retention (vs. repetitive practice) through M1-dependent consolidation.

Orientation of birds in radiofrequency fields in the absence of the Earth's magnetic field: a possible test for the radical pair mechanism of magnetoreception.

The magnetic compass sense of migratory songbirds is thought to derive from magnetically sensitive photochemical reactions in cryptochromes located in photoreceptor cells in the birds' retinas. More specifically, transient radical pairs formed by light-activation of these proteins have been proposed to account for the birds' ability to orient themselves using the Earth's magnetic field and for the observation that radiofrequency magnetic fields, superimposed on the Earth's magnetic field, can disrupt this ability. Here, by means of spin dynamics simulations, we show that it may be possible for the birds to orient in a monochromatic radiofrequency field in the absence of the Earth's magnetic field.

Healthy adults favor stable left/right hand choices over performance at an unconstrained reach-to-grasp task.

Reach-to-grasp actions are fundamental to the daily activities of human life, but few methods exist to assess individuals' reaching and grasping actions in unconstrained environments. The Block Building Task (BBT) provides an opportunity to directly observe and quantify these actions, including left/right hand choices. Here we sought to investigate the motor and non-motor causes of left/right hand choices, and optimize the design of the BBT, by manipulating motor and non-motor difficulty in the BBT's unconstrained reach-to-grasp task.

Roles of Handedness and Hemispheric Lateralization: Implications for Rehabilitation of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems: A Rapid Review.

Importance: Handedness and motor asymmetry are important features of occupational performance. With an increased understanding of the basic neural mechanisms surrounding handedness, clinicians will be better able to implement targeted, evidence-based neurorehabilitation interventions to promote functional independence.

Objective: To review the basic neural mechanisms behind handedness and their implications for central and peripheral nervous system injury.

Patient Outcomes After Peripheral Nerve Injury Depend on Bimanual Dexterity and Preserved Use of the Affected Hand.

Background: Little is known about how peripheral nerve injury affects human performance, behavior, and life. Hand use choices are important for rehabilitation after unilateral impairment, but rarely measured, and are not changed by the normal course of rehabilitation and daily life.

Objective: To identify the relationship between hand use (L/R choices), motor performance, and patient-centered outcomes.

Healthy adults favor stable left/right hand choices over performance at an unconstrained reach-to-grasp task.

Unlabelled: Reach-to-grasp actions are fundamental to the daily activities of human life, but few methods exist to assess individuals' reaching and grasping actions in unconstrained environments. The Block Building Task (BBT) provides an opportunity to directly observe and quantify these actions, including left/right hand choices. Here we sought to investigate the motor and non-motor causes of left/right hand choices, and optimize the design of the BBT, by manipulating motor and non-motor difficulty in the BBT's unconstrained reach-to-grasp task We hypothesized that greater motor and non-motor (e.

Testing the cognitive effects of tadalafil. Neuropsychological secondary outcomes from the PASTIS trial.

Unlabelled: Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a major cause of cognitive impairment in older people. As secondary endpoints in a phase-2 randomised clinical trial, we tested the effects of single administration of a widely-used PDE5 inhibitor, tadalafil, on cognitive performance in older people with SVD. In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial, participants received tadalafil (20 mg) and placebo on two visits ≥ 7 days apart (randomised to order of treatment).

Reducing individual differences in task fMRI with OGRE (One-step General Registration and Extraction) preprocessing.

Volumetric analysis methods continue to enjoy great popularity in the analysis of task-related functional MRI (fMRI) data. Among these methods, the software package FSL (FMRIB, Oxford, UK) is omnipresent throughout the field. However, it remains unknown what advantages might be gained by integrating FSL with alternative preprocessing tools.

Corrigendum: Changes in primary somatosensory cortex following allogeneic hand transplantation or autogenic hand replantation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2022.

Motor Assessment With the STEGA iPad App to Measure Handwriting in Children.

Importance: Handwriting and the fine motor control (hand and fingers) underlying it are key indicators of numerous motor disorders, especially among children. However, current assessment methods are expensive, slow, and subjective, leading to a lack of knowledge about the relationship between handwriting and motor control.

Objective: To develop and validate the iPad precision drawing app Standardized Tracing Evaluation and Grapheme Assessment (STEGA) to enable rapid quantitative assessment of fine motor control and handwriting.

Isotope Substitution Effects on the Magnetic Compass Properties of Cryptochrome-Based Radical Pairs: A Computational Study.

The biophysical mechanism of the magnetic compass sense of migratory songbirds is thought to rely on the photochemical reactions of flavin-containing radical pairs in cryptochrome proteins located in the birds' eyes. A consequence of this hypothesis is that the effect of the Earth's magnetic field on the quantum yields of reaction products should be sensitive to isotopic substitutions that modify the hyperfine interactions in the radicals. In this report, we use spin dynamics simulations to explore the effects of H → H, C → C, and N → N isotopic substitutions on the functioning of cryptochrome 4a as a magnetic direction sensor.

Magnetic field effects on radical pair reactions: estimation of for flavin-tryptophan radical pairs in cryptochromes.

Magnetic field effects on the yields of radical pair reactions are often characterised by the "half-field" parameter, , which encodes useful information on spin relaxation, radical recombination kinetics and electron-electron couplings as well as electron-nuclear hyperfine interactions. Here we use a variety of spin dynamics simulation methods to estimate the hyperfine-only values of for the flavin-tryptophan radical pair, [FAD˙ TrpH˙], thought to be the detector in the magnetic compass sense of migratory songbirds. The main findings are: (a) in the absence of fast recombination and spin relaxation, [FAD˙ TrpH˙] radical pairs in solution and in the putative magnetoreceptor protein, cryptochrome, have ≈ 1.

Visualisation of lenticulostriate arteries using contrast-enhanced time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography at 7 Tesla.

7 Tesla-field-strength (7 T) Magnetic Resonance Imaging allows the small perforating arteries in the brain to be visualised, and this modality may allow visualisation of the arterial pathology in cerebral small vessel disease. Most studies have used standard Time-of-Flight (ToF) Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA). Whether the use of contrast enhancement improves perforating artery visualisation at 7 T remains unclear.

The PASTIS trial: Testing tadalafil for possible use in vascular cognitive impairment.

Introduction: There are few randomized clinical trials in vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). This trial tested the hypothesis that the PDE5 inhibitor tadalafil, a widely used vasodilator, increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) in older people with symptomatic small vessel disease, the main cause of VCI.

Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial, participants received tadalafil (20 mg) and placebo on two visits ≥7 days apart (randomized to order of treatment).

Test-retest reliability of arterial spin labelling for cerebral blood flow in older adults with small vessel disease.

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is common in older people and is associated with lacunar stroke, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and vascular cognitive impairment. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is reduced in SVD, particularly within white matter.Here we quantified test-retest reliability in CBF measurements using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling (pCASL) in older adults with clinical and radiological evidence of SVD (N=54, mean (SD): 66.

Failure to Compensate: Patients With Nerve Injury Use Their Injured Dominant Hand, Even When Their Nondominant Is More Dexterous.

Objective: To identify how individuals respond to unilateral upper extremity peripheral nerve injury via compensation (increased use of the nondominant hand). We hypothesized that injury to the dominant hand would have a greater effect on hand use (left vs right choices). We also hypothesized that compensation would not depend on current (postinjury) nondominant hand performance because many patients undergo rehabilitation that is not designed to alter hand use.

Manuscript: Defining Quality Standards for Intensive Home Based Treatment Programs for Youth with Serious Emotional Disorders.

Intensive Home Based Treatment (IHBT) is a critical component of the continuum of community-based behavioral healthcare for youth with serious emotional disorder (SED) and their families. Yet despite being used nationwide at costs of over $100 million annually in some states, a well-vetted, research-based set of quality standards for IHBT has yet to be developed. The current project aimed to define program and practice standards for IHBT, drawing upon literature review, expert interviews, and a systematic Delphi process engaging over 80 participants, including IHBT developers, experts in evidence-based youth mental health, youth and family advocates, IHBT providers, and state policymakers.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Wraparound Care Coordination for Children and Adolescents.

Objective: Wraparound is a common method for coordinating care for children and adolescents with serious emotional disorders (SED), with nearly 100,000 youths served annually in the United States. The current systematic review and meta-analysis estimated effects on youth outcomes (symptoms, functioning, school, juvenile justice, and residential placement) and costs.

Method: A literature search identified 17 peer-reviewed and gray literature studies meeting criteria, which were coded on characteristics of sample, design, implementation, and outcomes.

Interhemispheric Parietal-Frontal Connectivity Predicts the Ability to Acquire a Nondominant Hand Skill.

After chronic impairment of the right dominant hand, some individuals are able to compensate with increased performance with the intact left nondominant hand. This process may depend on the nondominant (right) hemisphere's ability to access dominant (left) hemisphere mechanisms. To predict or modulate patients' ability to compensate with the left hand, we must understand the neural mechanisms and connections that underpin this process.

Environmental factors influencing fine-scale distribution of Antarctica's only endemic insect.

Species distributions are dependent on interactions with abiotic and biotic factors in the environment. Abiotic factors like temperature, moisture, and soil nutrients, along with biotic interactions within and between species, can all have strong influences on spatial distributions of plants and animals. Terrestrial Antarctic habitats are relatively simple and thus good systems to study ecological factors that drive species distributions and abundance.

Quality of Life and Psychosocial Factors as Predictors of Pain Relief Following Nerve Surgery.

Peripheral nerve injuries may result in pain, disability, and decreased quality of life (QoL). Pain is an incompletely understood experience and is associated with emotional and behavioral qualities. We hypothesized that pain following peripheral nerve surgery could be predicted by changes in emotions or QoL postoperatively.

Cortical Plasticity in Rehabilitation for Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Scoping Review.

Importance: Poor outcomes after upper extremity peripheral nerve injury (PNI) may arise, in part, from the challenges and complexities of cortical plasticity. Occupational therapy practitioners need to understand how the brain changes after peripheral injury and how principles of cortical plasticity can be applied to improve rehabilitation for clients with PNI.

Objective: To identify the mechanisms of cortical plasticity after PNI and describe how cortical plasticity can contribute to rehabilitation.

The role of the outer setting in implementation: associations between state demographic, fiscal, and policy factors and use of evidence-based treatments in mental healthcare.

Background: Despite consistent recognition of their influence, empirical study of how outer setting factors (e.g., policies, financing, stakeholder relationships) influence public systems' investment in and adoption of evidence-based treatment (EBT) is limited.