A modelling approach to prepare synthetic urine for struvite precipitation studies.

Nutrient recovery from wastewater is an effective strategy to prevent eutrophication and provide value for the treatment process. Human urine is a small but highly nutrient-rich stream in the total flux of domestic wastewater from which struvite (MgNHPOHO) could be recovered and used as a fertiliser. Consequently, synthetic urine was used in most struvite precipitation studies, due to biohazard issues in real human urine.