Isolation, propagation, genome analysis and epidemiology of HKU1 betacoronaviruses.

From 1 January 2009 to 31 May 2013, 15 287 respiratory specimens submitted to the Clinical Virology Laboratory at the Children's Hospital Colorado were tested for human coronavirus RNA by reverse transcription-PCR. Human coronaviruses HKU1, OC43, 229E and NL63 co-circulated during each of the respiratory seasons but with significant year-to-year variability, and cumulatively accounted for 7.4-15.

Mechanisms involved in the protection of UV-induced protein inactivation by the corneal crystallin ALDH3A1.

Various lines of evidence have shown that ALDH3A1 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1) plays a critical and multifaceted role in protecting the cornea from UV-induced oxidative stress. ALDH3A1 is a corneal crystallin, which is defined as a protein recruited into the cornea for structural purposes without losing its primary function (i.e.