Unique Regions of the Polysaccharide Copolymerase Wzz from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Are Essential for O-Specific Antigen Chain Length Control.

The outer leaflet of the outer membrane of nearly all Gram-negative bacteria contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The distal end of LPS may be capped with O antigen, a long polysaccharide that can range from a few to hundreds of sugars in length. The chain length of the polysaccharide has many implications for bacterial survival and consequently is tightly controlled.

Carbon-Nanotube-Electrolyte Interface: Quantum and Electric Double Layer Capacitance.

We present a comprehensive study of the electrochemical capacitance between a one-dimensional electronic material and an electrolyte. In contrast to a conventional, planar electrode, the nanoscale dimension of the electrode (with diameter smaller than the Debye length and approaching the size of the ions in solution) qualitatively changes the capacitance, which we measure and model herein. Furthermore, the finite density of states in these low dimensional electronic systems results in a quantum capacitance, which is comparable to the electrochemical capacitance.

Broadband impedance match to two-dimensional materials in the terahertz domain.

The coupling of an electromagnetic plane wave to a thin conductor depends on the sheet conductance of the material: a poor conductor interacts weakly with the incoming light, allowing the majority of the radiation to pass; a good conductor also does not absorb, reflecting the wave almost entirely. For suspended films, the transition from transmitter to reflector occurs when the sheet resistance is approximately the characteristic impedance of free space (Z  = 377 Ω). Near this point, the interaction is maximized, and the conductor absorbs strongly.

Cristae remodeling causes acidification detected by integrated graphene sensor during mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization.

The intrinsic apoptotic pathway and the resultant mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) via BAK and BAX oligomerization, cytochrome c (cytc) release, and caspase activation are well studied, but their effect on cytosolic pH is poorly understood. Using isolated mitochondria, we show that MOMP results in acidification of the surrounding medium. BAK conformational changes associated with MOMP activate the OMA1 protease to cleave OPA1 resulting in remodeling of the cristae and release of the highly concentrated protons within the cristae invaginations.

Morus alba L. Stem Extract Attenuates Pain and Articular Cartilage Damage in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection-Induced Rat Model of Osteoarthritis.

Aim: This study was designed to investigate the anti-nociceptive effect of Morus alba stem extract as well as its cartilage protective effect in the anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced rat model of osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods: The anti-nociceptive effect of this plant extract was determined by measuring hind limb weight bearing, while the severity of cartilage damage to the knee joints was evaluated using the modified Mankin grading system.

Results: Oral administration of M.

AC conductivity parameters of graphene derived from THz etalon transmittance.

THz frequency-domain transmittance measurements were carried out on chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) graphene films transferred to high-resistivity silicon substrates, and packaged as back-gated graphene field effect transistors (G-FETs). The graphene AC conductivity σ(ω), both real and imaginary parts, is determined between 0.2 and 1.

Large-scale arrays of single-layer graphene resonators.

We fabricated large arrays of suspended, single-layer graphene membrane resonators using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth followed by patterning and transfer. We measure the resonators using both optical and electrical actuation and detection techniques. We find that the resonators can be modeled as flat membranes under tension, and that clamping the membranes on all sides improves agreement with our model and reduces the variation in frequency between identical resonators.