Synergistic Amelioration of Letrozole-induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Rats: A Therapeutic Approach with Apple Cider Vinegar and Metformin Combination.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the combination effect of apple cider vinegar (ACV) and metformin against letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Female Wistar rats were administered letrozole (1 mg/kg/day, p.o) for 21 days, except for the control group of animals.

Elevated Plus Maze for Assessment of Anxiety and Memory in Rodents.

The elevated plus maze is the most widely used paradigm to evaluate anxiety-associated behavioral alterations in rodent models of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Unconditioned aversive behavior for open and elevated areas is a measure of anxiety and can be assessed by the plus maze. Plus maze consists of perpendicularly arranged open arms and closed arms crossed in the middle with a central platform.

Tetramethylpyrazine contributes to the neuroprotection in a rodent epileptic model of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling.

Objectives: In this study, tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) was evaluated for its therapeutic potential as an alternative therapy for epileptogenesis and its associated comorbidities in rats.

Methods: The sub-convulsant dose of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (35 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was injected on alternative days to produce kindling for 32 days and observed for seizure score percent of kindled animals in each group. After kindling, the animals were evaluated in models of anxiety, memory and predictive of depression.

A prognostic study on the effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on cerebral ischaemia reperfusion-induced stroke.

Objectives: Previous studies have been established that persons who experienced a stroke are soon likely to develop several anxiety disorders. In which one of the major anxiety disorders is Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Yet, the likelihood of PTSD in conjunction with cerebral stroke has not been well described.

Protective effects of duloxetine against chronic immobilisation stress-induced anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in mice.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of duloxetine (10 and 20 mg/kg) against chronic immobilisation stress (CIS)-induced anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in mice.

Methods: CIS, 2 h/10 days (11:00 AM-1:00 PM) was applied after 30 min of pretreatment with saline, duloxetine 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg to the respective groups of animals, except the control group. Animals were examined for physiological (body weight, locomotion and grip strength), psychological (memory impairment, anxiety and depression), neurochemical (GABA and glutamate), biochemical (MDA, catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase) and histopathological changes.

ZnCl catalyzed new coumarinyl-chalcones as cytotoxic agents.

A new series of coumarin-yl-chalcone derivatives () had been designed and synthesized through different reactions such as aromatic addition, cyclization and Claisen-Schmidt reactions in good yields (54-78%). 5-acetyl-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl) -6-methyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H) -one has been synthesized by multi-component one pot reaction of salicylaldehyde, methyl acetoacetate and urea, which was further reacted with malonic acid employing ZnCl catalyst to yield 5-acetyl-4-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2-chromen-8-yl) -6-methyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1) -one The title compounds ( were synthesised by reacting 5-acetyl-4-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2-chromen-8-yl) -6-methyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1)-one () with different aromatic aldehydes in the presence of potassium hydroxide. studies, a preliminary screening method for predicting the anti-cancer activity was performed for the synthesized compounds ( against Src, Alb tyrosine kinase and homology model protein (PDB ID: 4csv).

Coumarin-chalcone hybrids targeting insulin receptor: Design, synthesis, anti-diabetic activity, and molecular docking.

Four series of thirteen new coumarin-chalcone hybrids (DPCU 1-13, DPCT 1-13, DCCU 1-13 and DCCT 1-13) were designed and synthesized using Biginelli synthesis, Pechmann condensation, Acetylation, and Claisen-Schmidt reactions. Synthesized compounds were tested for insulin receptor in silico docking studies (PDB ID: 1IR3); DCCU 13 and DCCT 13 derivatives received the lowest docking score; Streptozocin (STZ) and Nicotinamide (NA) induced type II diabetes was tested for their anti-diabetic activity in rats. In vivo tests suggested that fasting blood glucose levels of animals treated with DCCU 13 (30 mg/kg body weight) and DCCT 13 (30 mg/kg body weight) were significantly and moderately suppressed, respectively, relative to fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic control animals.

Protective effect of acetone extract against high-fat and high-sugar diet-induced obesity and memory impairment.

Roxb. (Mango ginger) was evaluated for anti-obesity, anti-amnesic and neuroprotection using high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFHS)-induced obesity and cognitive impairment in rats. Animals were exposed to HFHS diet to evaluate lipid parameters and subjected to Y maze test and Pole climbing test to evaluate the memory.

Naringin in a combined therapy with phenytoin on pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in rats.

Phenytoin (Dilantin) is an orally active, use-dependent voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor and is a potent, economical, and widely used anticonvulsant agent. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the combined treatment of naringin (40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg) and phenytoin on prevention of seizure attacks, development of kindling, oxidative stress, cognitive impairment, and neurochemicals in the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and hippocampus, and morphological changes in the hippocampus. Treatment with the high dose of naringin (80 mg/kg) along with phenytoin has shown to offer protection against seizures, development of kindling, and cognition enhancement through Y-maze test and improved % conditioned avoidance response (% CAR) through pole climbing test in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling model.

Neuroprotective activity of tetramethylpyrazine against 3-nitropropionic acid induced Huntington's disease-like symptoms in rats.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal neurodegenerative disease characterized by chorea, dystonia, motor ataxia, cognitive decline and psychiatric disorders with gradual loss of nerve cells and has no existing cure for the disease. In the present study, a mitochondrial toxin, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is used to induce HD like symptoms in rats. Tetramethylpyrazine is one of the active ingredients of Chuan Xiong which was reported to have neurotrophic and neuroprotective activities.

Protective effect of naringin on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling; possible mechanisms of antikindling, memory improvement, and neuroprotection.

The present study investigated the effects of Naringin on seizure severity, progress of kindling, memory impairment, oxidative stress, neurochemicals, and neural damage in Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling. Alternate intra-peritoneal injections of PTZ induced kindling at 22 injections of PTZ. In comparison with the PTZ group, pretreatment with Naringin 30 min prior to PTZ administration and on a PTZ-free day was found to lead to a decreased seizure score, a mitigated progress of kindling, decreased transfer latency, and increased total number of arm entries, % alternation behavior in Y maze, and % conditioned avoidance response in a pole climbing apparatus.