A review on barriers to and solutions for shipping decarbonization: What could be the best policy approach for shipping decarbonization?

Shipping industry, like other industrial sectors, suffers from an energy efficiency gap. The majority of the literature focuses more on identifying barriers than proposing solutions. This study seeks to achieve two objectives: first, to provide a repository of barriers/solutions for shipping decarbonization, and second, to identify an optimal policy framework to combine all the solutions in the best way.