Experimental and theoretical examination and development of methods to calculate required pull force in wire drawing.

Wire drawing is one of the oldest and most common cold metal forming processes. Wire is drawn through a single die or a set of conical dies to make it longer and stronger. In the drawing die there are three geometrical parameters that affect the drawing force: die diameter, die angle and bearing length.

A Complex Impact of Systemically Administered 5-HT2A Receptor Ligands on Conditioned Fear.

Background: Though drugs binding to serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors have long been claimed to influence human anxiety, it remains unclear if this receptor subtype is best described as anxiety promoting or anxiety dampening. Whereas conditioned fear expressed as freezing in rats is modified by application of 5-HT2A-acting drugs locally into different brain regions, reports on the effect of systemic administration of 5-HT2A receptor agonists and 5-HT2A antagonists or inverse agonists on this behavior remain sparse.

Methods: We assessed the possible impact of systemic administration of 5-HT2A receptor agonists, 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonists, and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-per se or in combination-on the freezing displayed by male rats when re-exposed to a conditioning chamber in which they received foot shocks 7 days earlier.

Serotonin depletion reduces both acquisition and expression of context-conditioned fear.

Objective: Whereas numerous experimental and clinical studies suggest a complex involvement of serotonin in the regulation of anxiety, it remains to be clarified if the dominating impact of this transmitter is best described as anxiety-reducing or anxiety-promoting. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of serotonin depletion on acquisition, consolidation, and expression of conditioned fear.

Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to foot shocks as unconditioned stimulus and assessed with respect to freezing behaviour when re-subjected to context.

A stochastic analysis for a triple delayed SIQR epidemic model with vaccination and elimination strategies.

In this paper, a delayed SIQR epidemic model with vaccination and elimination hybrid strategies is analysed under a white noise perturbation. We prove the existence and the uniqueness of a positive solution. Afterwards, we establish a stochastic threshold in order to study the extinction and persistence in mean of the stochastic epidemic system.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition increases noise burst-induced unconditioned and context-conditioned freezing.

Objective: Whereas long-term administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is effective for the treatment of anxiety disorders, acute administration of these drugs may exert a paradoxical anxiogenic effect. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible effect of an SSRI in situations of unconditioned or limited conditioned fear.

Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were administered a single dose of an SSRI, escitalopram, before acquisition or expression of context conditioned fear, where noise bursts were used as the unconditioned stimulus.

Cascading lake drainage on the Greenland Ice Sheet triggered by tensile shock and fracture.

Supraglacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet are expanding inland, but the impact on ice flow is equivocal because interior surface conditions may preclude the transfer of surface water to the bed. Here we use a well-constrained 3D model to demonstrate that supraglacial lakes in Greenland drain when tensile-stress perturbations propagate fractures in areas where fractures are normally absent or closed. These melt-induced perturbations escalate when lakes as far as 80 km apart form expansive networks and drain in rapid succession.

Eating fish and farm life reduce allergic rhinitis at the age of twelve.

Background: The prevalence of allergic rhinitis has increased, but the cause of this rise is partly unknown. Our aim was to analyse the prevalence, risk factors, and protective factors for allergic rhinitis in 12-year-old Swedish children.

Methods: Data were collected from a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of children born in western Sweden in 2003.

Seismic evidence for complex sedimentary control of Greenland Ice Sheet flow.

The land-terminating margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet has slowed down in recent decades, although the causes and implications for future ice flow are unclear. Explained originally by a self-regulating mechanism where basal slip reduces as drainage evolves from low to high efficiency, recent numerical modeling invokes a sedimentary control of ice sheet flow as an alternative hypothesis. Although both hypotheses can explain the recent slowdown, their respective forecasts of a long-term deceleration versus an acceleration of ice flow are contradictory.

SCC of 2304 Duplex Stainless Steel-Microstructure, Residual Stress and Surface Grinding Effects.

The influence of surface grinding and microstructure on chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of 2304 duplex stainless steel has been investigated. Grinding operations were performed both parallel and perpendicular to the rolling direction of the material. SCC tests were conducted in boiling magnesium chloride according to ASTM G36; specimens were exposed both without external loading and with varied levels of four-point bend loading.

Initial Diagnosis of ALK-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Based on Analysis of ALK Status Utilizing Droplet Digital PCR.

We describe a novel droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay capable of detecting genomic alterations associated with inversion translocations. It is applied here to detection of rearrangements in the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene associated with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC patients may carry a nonreciprocal translocation on human chromosome 2, in which synchronized double stranded breaks (DSB) within the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) gene and ALK lead to an inversion of genetic material that forms the non-natural gene fusion EML4-ALK encoding a constitutively active tyrosine kinase that is associated with 3 to 7% of all NSCLCs.

Serotonin depletion eliminates sex differences with respect to context-conditioned immobility in rat.

Rationale: Previous studies have shown that male rats display more anxiety-like behavior than females as assessed using the elevated plus maze and that serotonin depletion abolishes this difference by exerting an anxiolytic-like effect in males only.

Objectives: To compare male and female rats with respect to immobility and startle responses to sudden noise bursts after contextual fear conditioning and to explore to what extent any possible sex difference in this regard is influenced by serotonin depletion during testing (but not acquisition).

Results: In line with previous studies, males displayed more immobility following contextual conditioning induced by previous exposure to foot shocks than females.

Diagnosing ADHD in Adults: An Examination of the Discriminative Validity of Neuropsychological Tests and Diagnostic Assessment Instruments.

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the discriminative validity of neuropsychological tests and diagnostic assessment instruments in diagnosing adult ADHD in a clinical psychiatric population.

Method: Of 108 patients, 60 were diagnosed with ADHD. The Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults (DIVA 2.

Modeling of subglacial hydrological development following rapid supraglacial lake drainage.

Unlabelled: The rapid drainage of supraglacial lakes injects substantial volumes of water to the bed of the Greenland ice sheet over short timescales. The effect of these water pulses on the development of basal hydrological systems is largely unknown. To address this, we develop a lake drainage model incorporating both (1) a subglacial radial flux element driven by elastic hydraulic jacking and (2) downstream drainage through a linked channelized and distributed system.

Initial diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia based on quantification of M-BCR status using droplet digital PCR.

Formed from a reciprocal translocation t(9:22)(q34;q11) of genetic material between the long arms of human chromosomes 9 and 22, the constitutively active breakpoint cluster region (BCR) Abelson 1 (ABL) tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL is known to be causative of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In 98% of CML patients harboring the t(9:22)(q34;q11) translocation, known as the Philadelphia chromosome, the chimeric BCR-ABL oncogene is created through cleavage of the BCR gene within its major breakpoint region (M-BCR) and breakage of the ABL gene within a 100-kbp region downstream of exon 2a. Clinical detection of the fused BCR-ABL oncogene currently relies on direct visualization by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), a relatively tedious assay that typically offers a detection limit of ca.

A persistently high body mass index increases the risk of atopic asthma at school age.

Aim: Being overweight has been associated with the risk of developing childhood asthma, but studies have produced conflicting results, for example with regard to possible links to allergic diseases. This study aimed to explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and school-age asthma.

Methods: Data were obtained from a prospective, longitudinal study of 5044 children born in western Sweden.

Differences in Anxiety-Like Behavior within a Batch of Wistar Rats Are Associated with Differences in Serotonergic Transmission, Enhanced by Acute SRI Administration, and Abolished By Serotonin Depletion.

Background: The anxiety-reducing effect of long-term administration of serotonin reuptake inhibitors is usually seen only in subjects with anxiety disorders, and such patients are also abnormally inclined to experience a paradoxical anxiety-enhancing effect of acute serotonin reuptake inhibition. These unique responses to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in anxiety-prone subjects suggest, as do genetic association studies, that inter-individual differences in anxiety may be associated with differences in serotonergic transmission.

Methods: The one-third of the animals within a batch of Wistar rats most inclined to spend time on open arms in the elevated plus maze were compared with the one-third most inclined to avoid them with respect to indices of brain serotonergic transmission and how their behavior was influenced by serotonin-modulating drugs.

Acute escitalopram but not contextual conditioning exerts a stronger "anxiogenic" effect in rats with high baseline "anxiety" in the acoustic startle paradigm.

Rationale: Acute administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may enhance anxiety in humans, those with anxiety disorders being more susceptible than others. Fear-conditioned or unconditioned acoustic startle and freezing are common measures of fear and/or "anxiety" in rodents that may be used to study this effect of SSRIs preclinically.

Objectives: Our aim was to shed further light on the effect of acute administration of an SSRI, escitalopram (10 mg/kg), on startle and freezing in the absence or presence of prior contextual conditioning.

Audiovisual training is better than auditory-only training for auditory-only speech-in-noise identification.

The effects of audiovisual versus auditory training for speech-in-noise identification were examined in 60 young participants. The training conditions were audiovisual training, auditory-only training, and no training (n = 20 each). In the training groups, gated consonants and words were presented at 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio; stimuli were either audiovisual or auditory-only.

Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adults With ADHD in Outpatient Psychiatric Care.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate an Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) program targeting difficulties and impairments associated with adult ADHD.

Method: Forty-five adults diagnosed with ADHD were randomized to either self-help (iCBT self-help format [iCBT-S]), self-help with weekly group sessions (iCBT group-therapy format [iCBT-G]), or a waiting-list control group. Treatment efficacy was measured at pre- and posttreatment and at 6-month follow-up.

Antibiotics in the first week of life is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis at school age.

Background: Heredity as well as external factors influences the development of allergic rhinitis. The aim of this study was to analyse early risk factors and protective factors for allergic rhinitis at school age.

Methods: This is a prospective, longitudinal study of children born in western Sweden in 2003 where 50% of the birth cohort was randomly selected.

Development of a Swedish Comprehensive International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Set for adult patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is a phenomenon that attracts a lot of attention in society today. Advances in research have made it clear that many conditions that make people seek medical and psychiatric care may have pervasive deficits in attention, motor control and impulsivity at their roots. Since ADHD in adults is a relatively new and very versatile concept, there is a great need for systemized classification of the ramifications of the deficit that extends into every aspect of these patients' lives.

Early fish introduction and neonatal antibiotics affect the risk of asthma into school age.

Background: The early introduction of fish has been reported to reduce the risk of wheezing disorder in early childhood, while broad-spectrum antibiotics in the first week have been associated with an increased risk. However, it is uncertain whether the effects remain into school age. The aim was to explore these risk factors for doctor-diagnosed asthma at 8 years.

Quantitative and subjective behavioural aspects in the assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults.

Background: Self-rating scales and cognitive tests are instruments used in the assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, few studies have examined the differential validity of these kinds of instruments in psychiatric samples.

Aims: To examine the discriminative validity of two self-report scales (ADHD Self-Report Scale [ASRS v.

Geometrid outbreak waves travel across Europe.

We show that the population ecology of the 9- to 10-year cyclic, broadleaf-defoliating winter moth (Operophtera brumata) and other early-season geometrids cannot be fully understood on a local scale unless population behaviour is known on a European scale. Qualitative and quantitative data on O. brumata outbreaks were obtained from published sources and previously unpublished material provided by authors of this article.