Mycoprotein Production by Submerged Fermentation of the Edible Mushroom in a Batch Stirred Tank Bioreactor Using Agro-Industrial Hydrolysate.

The demand for cheap, healthy, and sustainable alternative protein sources has turned research interest into microbial proteins. Mycoproteins prevail due to their quite balanced amino acid profile, low carbon footprint and high sustainability potential. The goal of this research was to investigate the capability of to metabolize the main sugars of agro-industrial side streams, such as aspen wood chips hydrolysate, to produce high-value protein with low cost.

Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Biomass Using Deep Eutectic Solvents.

microalgae biomass was employed for the extraction of valuable bioactive compounds with deep eutectic-based solvents (DESs). Particularly, the Choline Chloride (ChCl) based DESs, ChCl:1,2 butanediol (1:4), ChCl:ethylene glycol (1:2), and ChCl:glycerol (1:2) mixed with water at 70/30 / ratio were used for that purpose. The extracts' total carotenoid (TCC) and phenolic contents (TPC), as well as their antioxidant activity (IC50), were determined within the process of identification of the most efficient solvent.

Heterotrophic Cultivation of the Cyanobacterium sp. on Forest Biomass Hydrolysates toward Sustainable Biodiesel Production.

Environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, depletion of fossil fuels, and a growing population have sparked a search for new and renewable energy sources such as biodiesel. The use of waste or residues as substrates for microbial growth can favor the implementation of a biorefinery concept with reduced environmental footprint. Cyanobacteria constitute microorganisms with enhanced ability to use industrial effluents, wastewaters, forest residues for growth, and concomitant production of added-value compounds.

Development of a Multi-Enzymatic Approach for the Modification of Biopolymers with Ferulic Acid.

A series of polymers, including chitosan (CS), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and a chitosan-gelatin (CS-GEL) hybrid polymer, were functionalized with ferulic acid (FA) derived from the enzymatic treatment of arabinoxylan through the synergistic action of two enzymes, namely, xylanase and feruloyl esterase. Subsequently, the ferulic acid served as the substrate for laccase from (AbL) in order to enzymatically functionalize the above-mentioned polymers. The successful grafting of the oxidized ferulic acid products onto the different polymers was confirmed through ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles with High Antibacterial Activity Using Cell Extracts of Cyanobacterium sp.

In this work, we demonstrated the ability of the cyanobacterium sp. to produce ultra-small silver nanoparticlesin the forms of metallic silver (Ag) and silver oxides (AgO) via a facile green synthetic process. The biological compounds in the cyanobacterial cellular extract acted both as reducing agents for silver ions and functional stabilizing agents for the silver nanoparticles.

Production of hydroxytyrosol rich extract from Olea europaea leaf with enhanced biological activity using immobilized enzyme reactors.

As olive leaves constitute the main by-product of the olive oil industry with important environmental and economic impact, there is an increasing demand for its valorization. In the present work, we report the development and application of immobilized enzyme batch bioreactors for the chemo-enzymatic treatment of an aqueous Olea europaea leaf extract rich in oleuropein to produce an extract enriched in hydroxytyrosol and other oleuropein hydrolysis products. To this end, a robust biocatalyst was developed through the immobilization of β-glucosidase on chitosan-coated magnetic beads which exhibited high hydrolytic stability after 240 h of incubation at 37 °C.

Development of ZnO/Na-Montmorillonite Hybrid Nanostructures Used for PVOH/ZnO/Na-Montmorillonite Active Packaging Films Preparation via a Melt-Extrusion Process.

Nowadays, the shelf-life extension of foods is a topic of major interest because of its environmental and economic benefits. For this purpose, various methods like deep-freezing, ultra-high-temperature pasteurization, drying methods, use of chemicals, controlled-atmosphere preservation, ionizing irradiation, and were investigated. During the last years, the smart packaging for foods using natural biodegradable components is of great interest because it provides positive environmental fingerprint and high shelf-life extension.

An Overview of Potential Oleaginous Microorganisms and Their Role in Biodiesel and Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Based Industries.

Microorganisms are known to be natural oil producers in their cellular compartments. Microorganisms that accumulate more than 20% of lipids on a cell dry weight basis are considered as oleaginous microorganisms. These are capable of synthesizing vast majority of fatty acids from short hydrocarbonated chain (C6) to long hydrocarbonated chain (C36), which may be saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), depending on the presence and number of double bonds in hydrocarbonated chains.

Green biotransformations catalysed by enzyme-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers in environmentally friendly ionic solvents.

Environmentally friendly ionic solvents such as (a) ionic liquids (ILs) formulated with hydroxyl ammonium cations and various carboxylic acid anions and (b) choline chloride or ethyl ammonium chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DES) were tested as media for hydrolytic and synthetic reactions catalysed by lipase-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers. The nature of ionic solvents used has a significant effect on the hydrolytic and synthetic activity of the immobilized lipase, as well as on its stability and reusability. In choline chloride-based DES, the activity and especially the operational stability of the biocatalyst are significantly increased compared to those observed in buffer, indicating the potential application of these solvents as green media for various biocatalytic processes of industrial interest.

Preparation, characterization, mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties of chitosan/PVOH/clay nanocomposites.

In the current study low molecular weight poly(vinylalcohol) (PVOH) was used to prepare chitosan/PVOH blends and chitosan/PVOH/montmorillonite nanocomposites via a reflux - solution - heat pressing method. The effect of PVOH content and montmorillonite type (hydrophylic vs. organically modified) on the morphology, mechanical, thermomechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties of the obtained polymer blends and nanocomposite films was studied.

Graphene oxide derivatives with variable alkyl chain length and terminal functional groups as supports for stabilization of cytochrome c.

In this study we report the ability of reduced and non-reduced graphene oxide-based nanomaterials (GONs), modified with variable alkyl chain length and terminal functional groups, to act as effective scaffolds for the immobilization of cytochrome c (cyt c) using different immobilization procedures. The GONs/cyt c conjugates are characterized by a combination of techniques, namely atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron and FT-IR spectroscopies as well as thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The effect of the structure of functional groups and the surface chemistry of GONs on the immobilization efficiency, the peroxidase activity and the stability of the cyt c was investigated and correlated with conformational changes on the protein molecule upon immobilization.

Factors affecting cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis of alkali treated brewers spent grain by Fusarium oxysporum enzyme extract.

The enzymatic degradation of polysaccharides to monosaccharides is an essential step in bioconversion processes of lignocellulosic materials. Alkali treated brewers spent grain was used as a model substrate for the study of cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis by Fusarium oxysporum enzyme extract. The results obtained showed that cellulose and hemicellulose conversions are not affected by the same factors, implementing different strategies for a successful bioconversion.

High pressure inactivation kinetics of a Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase evaluated as a process indicator.

The potential use of Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase to develop a pressure-temperature-time integrator (PTTI) for high pressure processing was investigated. The combined effect of pressure and temperature on the inactivation of xylanase was studied in the pressure range of 100 to 600 MPa and temperature range of 50 to 70 degrees C. A synergistic effect of pressure and temperature was observed.

Evaluation of Fusarium oxysporum cellulolytic system for an efficient hydrolysis of hydrothermally treated wheat straw.

The crude multienzyme extract produced by Fusarium oxysporum cultivated under submerged conditions in 20 L bioreactor using brewers spent grain and corn cobs in a ratio 2:1 as the carbon source was evaluated with regard to an efficient saccharification of hydrothermally treated wheat straw. Several factors concerning the obtained hydrolysis yield and reaction rate were investigated. The takeout of product sugars (in situ) was effective at reducing end-product inhibition and lead to a bioconversion about 80% of the theoretical.

Toxicity and metabolism of p-chlorophenol in the marine microalga Tetraselmis marina.

Toxicity and metabolism of para-chlorophenol (p-CP) in the marine microalga Tetraselmis marina have been studied. The inhibition constant EC(50) for p-CP was 272+/-17 microM (34.8+/-2.

Detoxification of 2,4-dichlorophenol by the marine microalga Tetraselmis marina.

Xenobiotic chlorinated phenols have been found in fresh and marine waters and are toxic to many aquatic organisms. Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in the marine microalga Tetraselmis marina was studied. The microalga removed more than 1mM of 2,4-DCP in a 2l photobioreactor over a 6 day period.

Enzymic production of aldopentauronic acid and use as a bioregulator in plant airlift bioreactors.

Neutral and acidic oligosaccharides were obtained from birchwood xylan by treatment with an endoxylanase, family 11 class, from Sporotrichum thermophile. The main acidic xylooligosaccharide (aldopentauronic acid) was separated from the hydrolysate by anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography and the structure was determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy. The aldopentauronic acid yield was 25% (w/w) of the total solubilized sugars.

Mode of action of family 10 and 11 endoxylanases on water-unextractable arabinoxylan.

Microbial endo-beta-1,4-xylanases (EXs, EC 3.2.1.

Biochemical and catalytic properties of an endoxylanase purified from the culture filtrate of Sporotrichum thermophile.

An endo-beta-1,4-xylanase (1,4-beta-D-xylan xylanoxydrolase, EC 3.2.1.

Enzymic production of a feruloylated oligosaccharide with antioxidant activity from wheat flour arabinoxylan.

Background: Main cereals such as rice, wheat, barley, and corn belong to the family Gramineae and have similar cell-wall composition. Since cereal cell walls are a good source of dietary fibre, meeting one-half of the daily requirement of 30 g of dietary fibre can be achieved by the regular consumption of cereals. Many studies have dealt with the isolation of feruloylated oligosaccharides from Gramineae by treatment with polysaccharide hydrolysing enzymes.