Folic Acid and Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) remain a major cause of morbidity. This narrative mini-review aimed to investigate the potential role of folic acid (FA) in DFUs. Individuals with DFUs exhibit lower levels of FA and lower daily intake, compared to those without DFUs.

Zinc Levels and Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Mini Review.

The aim of this nonsystematic mini review was to discuss serum levels of zinc in subjects with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Most studies have reported low zinc levels in subjects with DFUs. Furthermore, there is some evidence that oral zinc supplementation may have a positive and beneficial impact on DFUs healing.

Vitamin E and Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

This narrative mini-review discusses vitamin E levels in subjects with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Vitamin E may be reduced in subjects with DFUs, but this finding is inconsistent. Its administration appears to benefit patients with DM, delaying the onset of complications, including DFUs.

Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence for its Beneficial Effects on Frailty and Sarcopenia.

This narrative review aimed to discuss the potential interplay among frailty syndrome, sarcopenia and metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is emerging evidence on the potential protective role of metformin on both frailty and sarcopenia. However, results are not always consistent.

Magnesium and Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Mini Review.

There is accumulating evidence that magnesium, an important mineral having a pivotal role in many physiological functions, may be important in development and healing of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). In this non-systematic mini review, we discuss the role of magnesium in DFUs, as well as the effects of magnesium administration in DFUs. Reduced Mg levels appear to be associated with DFUs.

Vitamin B and Diabetic Foot: Α Mini-Review.

This narrative mini-review article aimed to investigate the potential association of vitamin B levels with diabetic neuropathy (DN) and diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). It was demonstrated that B deficiency seems to be related to DFUs in cases of metformin administration and bariatric surgery. B supplementation with dietary measures and agents may improve DN and quality of life (QoL).

Frailty, sarcopenia and diabetic kidney disease: where do we stand?

The aim of this narrative non-systematic review was to investigate the potential interplay among frailty syndrome, sarcopenia and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Data derived from a limited number of studies underline that DKD is a significant risk factor for frailty. On the other hand, frailty syndrome poses a higher risk for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in subjects with DKD.

Sarcopenia, Frailty and Diabetic Foot: A Mini Narrative Review.

The aim of this narrative mini review was to investigate the potential association of the diabetic foot (DF) with sarcopenia and frailty. Data is still limited, but it appears that DF patients may be more prone to frailty. In addition, patients with DF and sarcopenia exhibit more frequently foot ulcers and amputations, as well as increased mortality rates post-operatively.

A Rare Case of Dulaglutide-Associated Angioedema in a Male Patient.

Dulaglutide is an injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist approved for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes. Angioedema is defined as self-limiting edema, localized in the deeper layers of the skin and mucosa. Angioedema can be hereditary or acquired which can be allergic due to reactions to foods, insect bites and stings, and latex, drug-induced, caused by physical stimuli and associated with lupus erythematosus and hypereosinophilia.

Polymorphisms of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 gene in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis.

Aim: The chemokine fractalikine is expressed in vascular endothelium, exerting a pro-atherogenic effect. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the CX3CR1 gene (T280M and V249I) affect frac-talkine receptor expression and function. We aimed to assess the prevalence of CX3CR1 polymor-phisms and the association with ischemic cerebrovascular attacks in a cohort of carotid atheromatous disease patients and age-matched controls.