Planetary Health Diet Index in relation to mortality in a prospective cohort study of U.S. Black females.

Background: To improve both human health and the health of our planet, the EAT-Lancet Commission proposed the planetary health diet (PHD).

Objective: We aimed to evaluate associations of PHD with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer-specific mortality among U.S.

Total testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and free testosterone concentrations and risk of primary liver cancer: A prospective analysis of 200,000 men and 180,000 postmenopausal women.

In most countries, males have ~2-3 times higher incidence of primary liver cancer than females. Sex hormones have been hypothesized to contribute to these differences, but the evidence remains unclear. Using data from the UK Biobank, which included ~200,000 males and ~180,000 postmenopausal females who provided blood samples at recruitment, we estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for a doubling in hormone concentration from multivariable adjusted Cox regression for circulating total testosterone, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and free testosterone concentrations and risk of primary liver cancer.

Liver Cancer: Progress and Priorities.

Liver cancer, the sixth most frequently occurring cancer in the world and the third most common cause of cancer mortality, has wide geographical variation in both incidence and mortality rates. At the end of the 20th century, incidence rates began declining in some high-rate areas and increasing in some lower-rate areas. These trends were undoubtedly driven by the shifting contributions of both well-established and more novel risk factors.

Use of cholesterol-lowering medications in relation to risk of primary liver cancer in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Background: Although the relation between statin use and liver cancer risk has been extensively examined, few studies have examined other cholesterol-lowering medications in relation to liver cancer risk. The authors examined five classes of nonstatin medications and liver cancer risk.

Methods: A nested case-control including 3719 cases and 14,876 matched controls was conducted within the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Fiber and whole grain intakes in relation to liver cancer risk: An analysis in 2 prospective cohorts and systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Background And Aims: The association between fiber or whole grain intakes and the risk of liver cancer remains unclear. We assessed the associations between fiber or whole grain intakes and liver cancer risk among 2 prospective studies, and systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed these results with published prospective studies.

Approach And Results: A total of 111,396 participants from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) and 26,085 men from the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study were included.

Psychosocial stressors and breast cancer gene expression in the Black Women's Health Study.

Purpose: Prior studies indicate that the physiologic response to stress can affect gene expression. We evaluated differential gene expression in breast cancers collected from Black women with high versus low exposure to psychosocial stressors.

Methods: We analyzed tumor RNA sequencing data from 417 Black Women's Health Study breast cancer cases with data on early life trauma and neighborhood disadvantage.

Menopausal hormone therapy use and risk of ovarian cancer by race: the ovarian cancer in women of African ancestry consortium.

Background: Most studies examining post-menopausal menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) use and ovarian cancer risk have focused on White women and few have included Black women.

Methods: We evaluated MHT use and ovarian cancer risk in Black (n = 800 cases, 1783 controls) and White women (n = 2710 cases, 8556 controls), using data from the Ovarian Cancer in Women of African Ancestry consortium. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of MHT use with ovarian cancer risk, examining histotype, MHT type and duration of use.

Daytime napping, nighttime sleeping duration, and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver disease-related mortality.

Background & Aims: Sleep duration has been linked to metabolic dysfunction and chronic inflammation, which may contribute to the development of liver cancer and chronic liver disease (CLD). However, little is known about the relationship between sleep or napping duration and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk and CLD mortality.

Methods: We followed 295,837 individuals in the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study.

Aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and occurrence of colorectal adenoma in Black American women.

Evidence suggests that aspirin use reduces the occurrence of colorectal neoplasia. Few studies have investigated the association among Black Americans, who are disproportionately burdened by the disease. We assessed aspirin use in relation to colorectal adenoma among Black women.

Racial Differences in the Association of Endometriosis and Uterine Leiomyomas With the Risk of Ovarian Cancer.

Objective: To evaluate associations between endometriosis and uterine leiomyomas with ovarian cancer risk by race and the effect of hysterectomy on these associations.

Methods: We used data from four case-control studies and two case-control studies nested within prospective cohorts in the OCWAA (Ovarian Cancer in Women of African Ancestry) consortium. The study population included 3,124 Black participants and 5,458 White participants, of whom 1,008 Black participants and 2,237 White participants had ovarian cancer.

Dietary inflammatory and insulinemic potential, risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, and chronic liver disease mortality.

Background: Diet modulates inflammation and insulin response and may be an important modifiable factor in the primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic liver disease (CLD). We developed the empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) and empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) scores to assess the inflammatory and insulinemic potentials of diet. We prospectively examined the associations of EDIP and EDIH at baseline with the following HCC risk and CLD mortality.

Specific botanical groups of fruit and vegetable consumption and liver cancer and chronic liver disease mortality: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Beyond alcohol and coffee, the relationship between other dietary factors, including specific vegetables and fruits, and liver outcomes remains poorly understood.

Objective: To evaluate the associations between fruit and vegetable intake with the risk of liver cancer and chronic liver disease (CLD) mortality.

Methods: This study was based on the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study, including 485,403 participants aged 50-71 y from 1995 to 1996.

Prospective associations of hemoglobin A and c-peptide with risk of diabetes-related cancers in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort.

Self-reported type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for many cancers, suggesting its pathology relates to carcinogenesis. We conducted a case-cohort study to examine associations of hemoglobin A (HbA) and c-peptide with cancers associated with self-reported T2DM. This study was drawn from a prospective cohort of 32,383 women and men who provided blood specimens at baseline: c-peptide and HbA were assessed in 3,000 randomly selected participants who were cancer-free-at-baseline and an additional 2,281 participants who were cancer-free-at-baseline and subsequently diagnosed with incident colorectal, liver, pancreatic, female breast, endometrial, ovarian, bladder, or kidney cancers.

Metabolomic Analysis of Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial.

Background: In the US in 2021, 76,080 kidney cancers are expected and >80% are renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). Along with excess fat, metabolic dysfunction is implicated in RCC etiology. To identify RCC-associated metabolites, we conducted a 1:1 matched case−control study nested within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial.

Association between Immunologic Markers and Cirrhosis in Individuals from a Prospective Chronic Hepatitis C Cohort.

Background: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can affect immune response and inflammatory pathways, leading to severe liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: In a prospective cohort of chronically HCV-infected individuals, we sampled 68 individuals who developed cirrhosis, 91 controls who did not develop cirrhosis, and 94 individuals who developed HCC. Unconditional odds ratios (ORs) from polytomous logistic regression models and canonical discriminant analyses (CDAs) were used to compare categorical (C) baseline plasma levels for 102 markers in individuals who developed cirrhosis vs.

What Are the Factors Underlying Colorectal Cancer Health Disparities?

Black Americans have the highest colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates of any U.S. racial/ethnic group.

Enterohepatic Shunt-Driven Cholemia Predisposes to Liver Cancer.

Background & Aims: Pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which kills millions annually, is poorly understood. Identification of risk factors and modifiable determinants and mechanistic understanding of how they impact HCC are urgently needed.

Methods: We sought early prognostic indicators of HCC in C57BL/6 mice, which we found were prone to developing this disease when fed a fermentable fiber-enriched diet.

Body mass index trajectories, weight gain and risks of liver and biliary tract cancers.

Background: Little is known about the role of early obesity or weight change during adulthood in the development of liver cancer and biliary tract cancer (BTC).

Methods: We investigated the associations of body mass index (BMI) and weight trajectories with the risk of liver cancer and BTC in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). BMI was self-reported at ages 20, 50, and at enrollment.