Cognitive sex differences are not magnified as a function of age, sex hormones, or puberty development during early adolescence.

Are cognitive sex differences magnified by individual differences in age, sex hormones, or puberty development? Cross-sectional samples of 12- to 14-year-old boys (n = 85) and girls (n = 102) completed tasks assessing episodic memory, face recognition, verbal fluency, and mental rotations. Blood estradiol, free testosterone, and self-rated puberty scores were obtained. Sex differences were found on all cognitive measures.

Accelerated postmenopausal cognitive decline is restricted to women with normal BMI: longitudinal evidence from the Betula project.

In order to determine whether cognitive performance is influenced by the menopausal transition, we tested cognitive performance at three time points, sampled women in earlier as well as later stages of the menopausal transition (40-65 years of age), and assessed the moderating influence of body mass index (BMI) on rate of change. Multilevel analyses were used to model change in cognitive performance as a function of number of years post menopause over and above chronological age. We investigated change in the menopausal transition for 10 cognitive outcomes in 193 women who were postmenopausal during the last test wave.

Sex differences in cognition: the role of handedness.

Women typically outperform men on episodic memory and verbal fluency tasks, whereas men tend to excel on visuospatial tasks. As the vast majority of individuals are right-handed (RH), sex differences in the cognitive literature reflect laterality-specific patterns for RH individuals. We examined the magnitude of cognitive sex differences as a function of hand dominance in samples of RH and non-RH individuals.

The association between endogenous free testosterone and cognitive performance: a population-based study in 35 to 90 year-old men and women.

The relationship between testosterone (T) and cognition has yielded conflicting evidence, showing both positive and negative influences of T on cognitive performance. The association between free testosterone (FT) and cognition was revisited in a large population-based sample of 1276 women and 1107 men (35-90 years of age), assessed individually on visuospatial, verbal fluency, semantic, and episodic memory tasks. For men, higher FT levels were associated with better visuospatial abilities, semantic memory, and episodic memory, with greater positive influence with increasing age.