NAFLD is related to Post-prandial Triglyceride-enrichment of HDL Particles in Association with Endothelial and HDL Dysfunction.

NAFLD is closely related with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Liver fat associates with post-prandial hypertriglyceridemia, potentially contributing to triglyceride-enrichment of high-density lipoproteins (HDL-TG), and subsequent HDL dysfunction. We assessed liver fat by MR spectroscopy, and its association with HDL physiochemical properties, and endothelial function, measured as flow-mediated dilation (FMD), before and following three consecutive meals, in 36 men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with the MetS, and controls.

Cortical axonal loss is associated with both gray matter demyelination and white matter tract pathology in progressive multiple sclerosis: Evidence from a combined MRI-histopathology study.

Background: Neuroaxonal degeneration is one of the hallmarks of clinical deterioration in progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS).

Objective: To elucidate the association between neuroaxonal degeneration and both local cortical and connected white matter (WM) tract pathology in PMS.

Methods: 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cortical tissue blocks were collected from 16 PMS donors and 10 controls.

Quantitative parametric maps of O-(2-[F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine kinetics in diffuse glioma.

Quantitative parametric images of O-(2-[F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine kinetics in diffuse gliomas could be used to improve glioma grading, tumour delineation or the assessment of the uptake distribution of this positron emission tomography tracer. In this study, several parametric images and tumour-to-normal maps were compared in terms of accuracy of region averages (when compared to results from nonlinear regression of a reversible two-tissue compartment plasma input model) and image noise using 90 min of dynamic scan data acquired in seven patients with diffuse glioma. We included plasma input methods (the basis function implementation of the single-tissue compartment model, spectral analysis and Logan graphical analysis) and reference tissue methods (basis function implementations of the simplified reference tissue model, variations of the multilinear reference tissue model and non-invasive Logan graphical analysis) as well as tumour-to-normal ratio maps at three intervals.

Correction to: Relevance of neuroimaging for neurocognitive and behavioral outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury.

JC Goslings is the correct name of the sixth author of this article.

Fronto-limbic disconnection in patients with multiple sclerosis and depression.

Background: The biological mechanism of depression in multiple sclerosis (MS) is not well understood. Based on work in major depressive disorder, fronto-limbic disconnection might be important.

Objective: To investigate structural and functional fronto-limbic changes in depressed MS (DMS) and non-depressed MS (nDMS) patients.

Metabolites predict lesion formation and severity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Background: Multiple sclerosis is characterized by white matter lesions, which are visualized with conventional T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Little is known about local metabolic processes preceding the appearance and during the pathological development of new lesions.

Objective: To identify metabolite changes preceding white matter (WM) lesions and pathological severity of lesions over time.

Relevance of neuroimaging for neurocognitive and behavioral outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury.

This study aims to (1) investigate the neuropathology of mild to severe pediatric TBI and (2) elucidate the predictive value of conventional and innovative neuroimaging for functional outcome. Children aged 8-14 years with trauma control (TC) injury (n = 27) were compared to children with mild TBI and risk factors for complicated TBI (mild, n = 20) or moderate/severe TBI (n = 17) at 2.8 years post-injury.

Twelve week liraglutide or sitagliptin does not affect hepatic fat in type 2 diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.

Aims/hypothesis: Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1-based therapies have been suggested to improve hepatic steatosis. We assessed the effects of the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide and the dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor sitagliptin on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this 12 week, parallel, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, performed at the VU University Medical Center between July 2013 and August 2015, 52 overweight patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and/or sulphonylurea agent ([mean ± SD] age 62.

TS-EUROTRAIN: A European-Wide Investigation and Training Network on the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome.

Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) is characterized by the presence of multiple motor and phonic tics with a fluctuating course of intensity, frequency, and severity. Up to 90% of patients with GTS present with comorbid conditions, most commonly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), thus providing an excellent model for the exploration of shared etiology across disorders. TS-EUROTRAIN (FP7-PEOPLE-2012-ITN, Grant Agr.

Accurate Delineation of Glioma Infiltration by Advanced PET/MR Neuro-Imaging (FRONTIER Study): A Diagnostic Study Protocol.

Background: Glioma imaging, used for diagnostics, treatment planning, and follow-up, is currently based on standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities (T1 contrast-enhancement for gadolinium-enhancing gliomas and T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity for nonenhancing gliomas). The diagnostic accuracy of these techniques for the delineation of gliomas is suboptimal.

Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of advanced neuroimaging compared with standard MRI modalities for the detection of diffuse glioma infiltration within the brain.

Quantitative MRI in hypomyelinating disorders: Correlation with motor handicap.

Objective: To assess the correlation of tissue parameters estimated by quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) techniques and motor handicap in patients with hypomyelination.

Methods: Twenty-eight patients with different causes of hypomyelination (12 males, 16 females; mean age 10 years) and 61 controls (33 males, 28 females; mean age 8 years) were prospectively investigated. We quantified T2 relaxation time, magnetization transfer ratio, fractional anisotropy, mean, axial, and radial diffusivities, and brain metabolites.

Increased cortical grey matter lesion detection in multiple sclerosis with 7 T MRI: a post-mortem verification study.

The relevance of cortical grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis has become increasingly recognized over the past decade. Unfortunately, a large part of cortical lesions remain undetected on magnetic resonance imaging using standard field strength. In vivo studies have shown improved detection by using higher magnetic field strengths up to 7 T.

Mild White Matter Changes in Un-medicated Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients and Their Unaffected Siblings.

Objective: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with moderate genetic influences and white matter abnormalities in frontal-striatal and limbic regions. Inconsistencies in reported white matter results from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies can be explained, at least partly, by medication use and between-group differences in disease profile and stage. We used a family design aiming to establish whether white matter abnormalities, if present in un-medicated OCD patients, also exist in their unaffected siblings.

Disrupted subject-specific gray matter network properties and cognitive dysfunction in type 1 diabetes patients with and without proliferative retinopathy.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, especially with concomitant microvascular disease, such as proliferative retinopathy, have an increased risk of cognitive deficits. Local cortical gray matter volume reductions only partially explain these cognitive dysfunctions, possibly because volume reductions do not take into account the complex connectivity structure of the brain. This study aimed to identify gray matter network alterations in relation to cognition in T1DM.

Cortical atrophy patterns in multiple sclerosis are non-random and clinically relevant.

Grey matter atrophy is common in multiple sclerosis. However, in contrast with other neurodegenerative diseases, it is unclear whether grey matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis is a diffuse 'global' process or develops, instead, according to distinct anatomical patterns. Using source-based morphometry we searched for anatomical patterns of co-varying cortical thickness and assessed their relationships with white matter pathology, physical disability and cognitive functioning.

Joint assessment of white matter integrity, cortical and subcortical atrophy to distinguish AD from behavioral variant FTD: A two-center study.

We investigated the ability of cortical and subcortical gray matter (GM) atrophy in combination with white matter (WM) integrity to distinguish behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and from controls using voxel-based morphometry, subcortical structure segmentation, and tract-based spatial statistics. To determine which combination of MR markers differentiated the three groups with the highest accuracy, we conducted discriminant function analyses. Adjusted for age, sex and center, both types of dementia had more GM atrophy, lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher mean (MD), axial (L1) and radial diffusivity (L23) values than controls.

High-resolution T1-relaxation time mapping displays subtle, clinically relevant, gray matter damage in long-standing multiple sclerosis.

Background: Gray matter (GM) pathology has high clinical relevance in multiple sclerosis (MS), but conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is insufficiently sensitive to visualize the rather subtle damage.

Objective: To investigate whether high spatial resolution T1-relaxation time (T1-RT) measurements can detect changes in the normal-appearing GM of patients with long-standing MS and whether these changes are associated with physical and cognitive impairment.

Methods: High spatial resolution (1.

Volumetric MRI data correlate to disease severity in metachromatic leukodystrophy.

Objective: Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an inherited lysosomal disorder due to a deficiency in arylsulfatase A with progressive demyelination and neurological decline. This retrospective MRI study investigated the extent of cortical involvement at time of diagnosis, and clinical correlates to both conventional and regional volumetric measures of brain involvement.

Methods: 3D-T1-weighted MRI scans were used to determine cortical thickness and surface-based cerebral cortical gray matter (GM) and cerebral white matter (WM) volume (GMV and WMV), WM lesions, thalamus, and cerebellum.

Unraveling the neuroimaging predictors for motor dysfunction in long-standing multiple sclerosis.

Objective: To find the strongest neuroimaging predictors for motor dysfunction using conventional and quantitative imaging measures focusing on the corticospinal tract (CST) in a large cohort of patients with long-standing multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a wide spectrum of neuroimaging measures at the whole-brain, cervical, and CST level were analyzed in 195 patients with MS and 54 healthy controls. Motor function was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), 9-Hole Peg Test, Timed 25-Foot Walk Test, and Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale.

(1)H-MRS in glutaric aciduria type 1: impact of biochemical phenotype and age on the cerebral accumulation of neurotoxic metabolites.

Background: In glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) the neurotoxic metabolites glutaric acid (GA) and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3-OH-GA) accumulate within the brain. Due to limited efflux across the blood-brain-barrier biochemical monitoring of intracerebrally accumulating toxic metabolites is as yet not possible.

Aims: To investigate brain metabolic patterns in glutaric aciduria type 1 using (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) with focus on detecting the disease-related neurotoxic metabolites GA and 3-OH-GA.

Unraveling the relationship between regional gray matter atrophy and pathology in connected white matter tracts in long-standing multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: Gray matter (GM) atrophy is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but the relationship with white matter (WM) pathology is largely unknown. Some studies found a co-occurrence in specific systems, but a regional analysis across the brain in different clinical phenotypes is necessary to further understand the disease mechanism underlying GM atrophy in MS. Therefore, we investigated the association between regional GM atrophy and pathology in anatomically connected WM tracts.

Differentiation of edema and glioma infiltration: proposal of a DTI-based probability map.

Conflicting results on differentiating edema and glioma by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are possibly attributable to dissimilar spatial distribution of the lesions. Combining DTI-parameters and enhanced registration might improve prediction. Regions of edema surrounding 22 metastases were compared to tumor-infiltrated regions from WHO grade 2 (12), 3 (10) and 4 (18) gliomas.