[Greenstick fractures of the forearm shaft-Is it obligatory or facultative to break the cortex?].

Background: To break or not to break-That is the question that has been asked in pediatric traumatology for many years regarding the treatment of greenstick fractures of the diaphyseal forearm shaft.

Objective: The frequency of greenstick fractures of the forearm shaft in children and adolescents; the influence of breaking the fracture on the refracture rate.

Methods: Analysis and discussion of relevant articles, analysis of the refracture rate of pediatric greenstick fractures of the forearm shaft in our own patient population.

An epidemiologic analysis of winter sport accidents on ski slopes comparing two seasons.

Background: The aim of this investigation was to provide a detailed analysis of accidents on ski slopes of Styrian resorts comparing two winter seasons.

Methods: Accident data requiring the presence of the ski patrol of the seasons 2007/08 (10 skiing resorts with 1029 injuries) and 2014/15 (8 resorts with 1844 injuries) were recorded. Accidents were normalized to 1000 skier days and 10000 lift transports.

Experimental comparison of abdominal drainage systems.

Background: In an experimental study the performance of different closed abdominal drainage systems was tested.

Methods: A vacuum bottle designed for Redon Drainage, a flexible plastic bulb designed for Jackson-Pratt drains and a V.A.

Fractures of the hallux in children.

Background: Foot fractures account for 5% to 13% of pediatric fractures. Fractures of the hallux require special attention due to its role in weight bearing, balance, and pedal motion. In this study, a large series of children with hallux fractures is presented.

Transdermal uptake and organ distribution of silver from two different wound dressings in rats after a burn trauma.

Silver-containing wound dressings are an integral part of wound therapy in adult and pediatric burn patients. The antimicrobial effect of silver is well known and has been described in numerous studies. Side effects are rarely reported from silver-containing wound care products, even though systemic absorption of silver has been shown by elevated levels of silver in the blood of patients after silver exposure during wound therapy.

Ulnar polydactyly - an analysis of appearance and postoperative outcome.

Background/purpose: Ulnar polydactylies present with a wide variation in the size and appearance of the affected finger, ranging from small cutaneous appendages to fully formed additional fingers. Since ulnar polydactyly is rarely associated with functional disabilities, psychological and cosmetic reasons are the main rationale for surgical treatment. The aim of this study was to present the appearance, treatment regimen, and outcome of a series of children treated with ulnar polydactylies.

Large, segmental, circular vascular malformation of the small intestine (in a female toddler with hematochezia): unusual presentation in a child.

Background: Failure to thrive and hematochezia in children may be alarm signs warranting endoscopy. In contrast, vascular malformations of the small intestine are uncommon in this age group. We report on a female toddler in whom various imaging techniques revealed an unusually large segmental vascular malformation of the ileum as the cause of the child's main clinical symptoms.

A rare cause for a neonatal cystic abdominal mass.

Intrauterine ovarian torsion is a rare event, but it is a possible cause for unilateral ovarian aplasia. Most commonly the ovary undergoes autolysis after torsion so that no tissue or remnants can be discovered on the involved side. We report a rare case of unilateral intrauterine torsion followed by autoamputation and abdominal reimplantation resulting in an intra-abdominal complex cystic mass with a review of the literature.

Evaluation of fractures in children and adolescents in a Level I Trauma Center in Austria.

Background: Injury represents a major concern for children and adolescents worldwide. It is estimated that 10% to 25% of all pediatric injuries will result in fractures. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology, gender distribution, age, and circumstances of fractures in childhood in a Level I Trauma Center in Austria.

An innovative local treatment for staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is the clinical term used to describe a range of blistering skin disorders induced by the exfoliative toxins of Staphylococcus aureus and prevalently affects neonates, infants and toddlers who lack antibodies to S. aureus toxins. SSSS is a highly contagious disease and is characterised by erythema and fever, followed by the formation of large fragile superficial blisters, which rupture only to leave extensive areas of denuded skin.

Single-port appendectomy in obese children: an optimal alternative?

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate our experience with single-port appendectomy (SPA) in obese children.

Methods: From January 2003 to June 2009, 94 SPA (65 women and 29 men, mean age of 12.4 years) were performed in children with appendicitis.

The management of traumatic fractures in children.

Fractures in children require a specific treatment depending on age. While obstetric fractures usually heal well even in case of significant dislocations and conservative therapy, the proportion of operative interventions among all pediatric fractures is increasing with age. Though the vast majority of fractures in childhood are still treated non-operatively, a trend towards early operative interventions and cast-free mobilization has been noticeable in the recent years.

Analysis of 347 kindergarten-related injuries.

While it has been shown that non-parental child care is associated with a reduced risk for unintentional injuries, a considerable number of accidents in kindergartens do result in severe injuries. We have collected data on the behavioral and environmental aspects of accidents that occurred in kindergartens in Austria with the aim of determining possible prevention measures. Included in the study were all kindergarten-related injuries (347) from among 21,582 pediatric trauma cases treated in a 22-month period in Graz, Austria.

Galeazzi lesions in children and adolescents: treatment and outcome.

Unlabelled: A Galeazzi fracture is defined as a fracture of the radius associated with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. Treatment in children and adolescents is usually possible with closed reduction and casting. The objective of this retrospectively designed study was to describe all Galeazzi lesions treated at our department during a 3-year period.

Pin tract infection with external fixation of pediatric fractures.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and severity of pin tract infections in a series of pediatric trauma patients.

Methods: All pediatric trauma patients with external fixation who were treated at our institution between 1998 and 2003 were included. The charts of 30 children (20 males; 10 females; mean age, 13.

Analysis of dog bites in children who are younger than 17 years.

Objectives: This study focuses on the pattern of incidence, mechanisms, and circumstances of accident and injury in a series of pediatric patients who sustained dog bites.

Methods: In our retrospective survey, the medical charts of all children who were younger than 17 years and sought medical attention after a dog bite between 1994 and 2003 were reviewed. To obtain the total number of each dog breed in the administrative district, we analyzed 5873 files from the community dog registers.

Angiotensin II type 1 receptors and the intestinal microvascular dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion.

The acute phase of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is mediated by leukocytes and is characterized by oxidative stress and blood cell recruitment. Upregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1-R) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions associated with oxidative stress. The AT1-R-antagonist Losartan (Los) attenuates leukocyte recruitment following I/R.

The role of nuclear factor-kappa B in bacterial translocation in cholestatic rats.

Xanthinoxidase (XO) derived radical species are involved in bacterial translocation (BT) in cholestatic rats. The mechanism by which XO influences remains unclear. It has been shown recently that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), a ubiquitous transcription factor, can be activated by oxidative stress and thereby promote the process of BT.

Role of blood cell-associated AT1 receptors in the microvascular responses to hypercholesterolemia.

Objective: Hypercholesterolemia elicits a proinflammatory and prothrombogenic phenotype in the microvasculature that is characterized by activation and adhesion of blood cells. The angiotensin II receptor-1 antagonist Losartan prevents the induction of these responses. The objective of this study was to determine the relative contributions of blood cell-associated versus endothelium-associated AT1a-R to these hypercholesterolemia-induced microvascular alterations.

Angiotensin II type-1 receptor antagonism attenuates the inflammatory and thrombogenic responses to hypercholesterolemia in venules.

Hypercholesterolemia elicits an inflammatory response in the microvasculature that is accompanied by an increased expression of angiotensin II type-1 receptors (AT1-R) on platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells. AT1-R blockade attenuates inflammatory responses to angiotensin II (eg, adhesion molecule expression and reactive oxygen species production). We investigated whether AT1-R antagonism attenuates the platelet and leukocyte recruitment induced by acute hypercholesterolemia in postcapillary venules.

Modulation of the inflammatory response in cardiovascular disease.

There is a growing body of evidence that inflammation might play an important role in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The designation of CVD as a chronic inflammatory process is further supported by evidence that the risk factors for CVD cause endothelial cells throughout the vascular tree to assume an inflammatory phenotype. These activated endothelial cells characteristically exhibit oxidative stress and increased adhesiveness for circulating leukocytes.

Effect of sildenafil on oesophageal motor function in healthy subjects and patients with oesophageal motor disorders.

Background And Aims: Sildenafil blocks phosphodiesterase type 5 which degrades nitric oxide (NO) stimulated 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), thereby relaxing smooth muscle cells in various organs. We used sildenafil as a tool to investigate the role of the NO-cGMP pathway in the oesophagus of healthy volunteers and patients with hypercontractile oesophageal motility disorders.

Methods: Six healthy male volunteers participated in a randomised double blind study on two separate days before and one hour after oral intake of either sildenafil 50 mg or placebo.