Expression of claudin-18.2 in cholangiocarcinoma: a comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis from a German tertiary centre.

Aims: Anti-claudin-18.2 (CLDN18.2) therapy was recently approved for the treatment of gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma.

Towards interactive AI-authoring with prototypical few-shot classifiers in histopathology.

A vast multitude of tasks in histopathology could potentially benefit from the support of artificial intelligence (AI). Many examples have been shown in the literature and first commercial products with FDA or CE-IVDR clearance are available. However, two key challenges remain: (1) a scarcity of thoroughly annotated images, respectively the laboriousness of this task, and (2) the creation of robust models that can cope with the data heterogeneity in the field (domain generalization).

Neutralizing GDF-15 can overcome anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 resistance in solid tumours.

Cancer immunotherapies with antibodies blocking immune checkpoint molecules are clinically active across multiple cancer entities and have markedly improved cancer treatment. Yet, response rates are still limited, and tumour progression commonly occurs. Soluble and cell-bound factors in the tumour microenvironment negatively affect cancer immunity.

Cancer-Control Outcomes of Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer With Gene or Tumor Suppressor Mutations Undergoing 177-Lutetium Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Radioligand Therapy.

Purpose: Several tumor gene mutations are known for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The individual response to 177-lutetium prostate specific membrane antigen radioligand therapy (Lu-PSMA) is under current investigation regarding the genomic profile of patients with mCRPC.

Materials And Methods: We relied on the FRAMCAP database and compared progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates of patients with mCRPC with breast cancer-related antigen () or tumor suppressor gene mutations (, , ).

Fresh Hemorrhages in Intestinal Resection Margins Are Associated with Unfavorable Clinical Outcomes in Preterm Infants with Necrotizing Enterocolitis with Surgical Intervention.

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common disease in premature infants. If conservative treatment does not respond, surgical removal of the necrotic section of bowel is common practice. This study investigates whether there is a correlation between the histopathological findings and the postoperative clinical course of the children who have undergone surgery.

Single Center Characterization of a Cohort of Salivary Gland Carcinomas.

Salivary gland cancer (SGC) is a rare cancer that can present a diagnostic challenge to pathologists, with emerging, but still limited options for the treatment of recurrent/metastatic disease. We aimed to characterize the cohort of salivary gland cancers in our institute and generate a tissue microarray (TMA) with clinical data available for immunohistochemical analysis. We extracted the cases of salivary gland cancers in our institute and generated a TMA with 72 patients between 2002 and 2017 with sufficient paraffin block material.

Epigenetic profiling of prostate cancer reveals potential prognostic signatures.

Purpose: While epigenetic profiling discovered biomarkers in several tumor entities, its application in prostate cancer is still limited. We explored DNA methylation-based deconvolution of benign and malignant prostate tissue for biomarker discovery and the potential of radiomics as a non-invasive surrogate.

Methods: We retrospectively included 30 patients (63 [58-79] years) with prostate cancer (PCa) who had a multiparametric MRI of the prostate before radical prostatectomy between 2014 and 2019.

Biomechanical Assessment of Liver Integrity: Prospective Evaluation of Mechanical Versus Acoustic MR Elastography.

Background: Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) can quantify tissue biomechanics noninvasively, including pathological hepatic states like metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.

Purpose: To compare the performance of 2D/3D-MRE using the gravitational (GT) transducer concept with the current commercial acoustic (AC) solution utilizing a 2D-MRE approach. Additionally, quality index markers (QIs) were proposed to identify image pixels with sufficient quality for reliably estimating tissue biomechanics.

Histopathologic, Molecular, and Clinical Profiling of Lymphoepithelioma-like Carcinoma of the Bladder.

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the bladder (LELC-B) is a rare histologic subtype characterized by strong immune cell (IC) infiltrates. A better prognosis and favorable response rates to immune checkpoint inhibitors have been described. We aimed to characterize the molecular profiles and IC infiltration of LELC-B for a better understanding of its therapeutic implications.

Small duct and large duct type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma reveal distinct patterns of immune signatures.

Purpose: Dedicated gene signatures in small (SD-iCCA) and large (LD-iCCA) duct type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma remain unknown. We performed immune profiling in SD- and LD-iCCA to identify novel biomarker candidates for personalized medicine.

Methods: Retrospectively, 19 iCCA patients with either SD-iCCA (n = 10, median age, 63.

Impact of homologous recombination repair/BReast CAncer (BRCA) gene alterations on survival in a real-world setting of metastatic prostate cancer.

Objective: To investigate alterations of homologous recombination repair (HRR) and especially BReast CAncer 1/2 (BRCA1/2) gene on overall survival (OS). Moreover, to explore the effect of inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARPi) as systemic therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

Patients And Methods: Of all HRR-screened patients with metastatic prostate cancer, baseline characteristics were sampled.

Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy Can Accelerate Diagnosis of Cervical Lymphadenopathy.

Fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) is an optical technique that uses laser light sources of different wavelengths to generate real-time images of fresh, unfixed tissue specimens. Unlike conventional histologic evaluation methods, FCM is able to assess fresh tissue samples without the associated cryo artifacts typically observed after frozen sectioning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of FCM imaging in the differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy.

Erk Inhibition as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for High IL-8-Secreting and Low SPTAN1-Expressing Colorectal Cancer.

Tumor recurrence and drug resistance are responsible for poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency or elevated interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels are characteristics of CRCs, which have been independently correlated with treatment resistance to common therapies. We recently demonstrated significantly impaired therapeutical response and increased IL-8 release of CRC cell lines with reduced expression of MMR protein MLH1 as well as cytoskeletal non-erythrocytic spectrin alpha II (SPTAN1).

[Rare tumors and tumor types of the urinary system in the 5th edition of the WHO classification 2022].

The 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the urinary tract and male genital organs introduced both general and specific changes in structure, classification, and nomenclature. This also applies to rarer tumors and tumor subtypes of the urinary system. Knowledge of these changes is relevant for routine histopathological work.

Development, testing and validation of a targeted NGS-panel for the detection of actionable mutations in lung cancer (NSCLC) using anchored multiplex PCR technology in a multicentric setting.

Lung cancer is a paradigm for a genetically driven tumor. A variety of drugs were developed targeting specific biomarkers requiring testing for tumor genetic alterations in relevant biomarkers. Different next-generation sequencing technologies are available for library generation: 1) anchored multiplex-, 2) amplicon based- and 3) hybrid capture-based-PCR.

Feasibility of Next-generation Sequencing of Liquid Biopsy (Circulating Tumor DNA) Samples and Tumor Tissue from Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer in a Real-world Clinical Setting in Germany.

Background And Objective: With European Medicines Agency approval of PARP inhibitors in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and ongoing trials in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, detection of genetic alterations in BRCA1/2 and other homologous recombination repair genes has gained an important role. Our aim was to investigate the feasibility and comparability of comprehensive next-generation sequencing (NGS) of liquid biopsy (LB; circulating tumor DNA) and tumor tissue (TT) samples in a real-world clinical setting.

Methods: The study cohort consisted of 50 patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) who had TT NGS performed for BRCA1/2 alterations and consent for additional LB NGS.

[Fluorescence confocal microscopy-complete digitization of pathology].

Background: Fluorescence-based confocal microscopy (FCM) can be used to create virtual H&E sections in real time. So far, FCM has been used in dermato-, uro-, and gynecopathology. FCM allows the creation of a completely digitized frozen section, which could potentially replace conventional frozen sections in the future.

Heterogeneity of small duct- and large duct-type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Aims: The histological subtype of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is associated with different mutational characteristics that impact clinical management. So far, data are lacking on the presence of small duct iCCA (SD-iCCA) and large duct iCCA (LD-iCCA) in a single patient. The aim of the current study was to determine the presence and degree of intratumoural heterogeneity of SD- and LD-iCCA features in different tumour regions.

[Challenges of automation in quantitative evaluation of liver biopsies : Automatic quantification of liver steatosis].

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a common disease that is diagnosed through manual evaluation of liver biopsies, an assessment that is subject to high interobserver variability (IBV). IBV can be reduced using automated methods.

Objectives: Many existing computer-based methods do not accurately reflect what pathologists evaluate in practice.

[The model transferability of AI in digital pathology : Potential and reality].

Objective: Artificial intelligence (AI) holds the potential to make significant advancements in pathology. However, its actual implementation and certification for practical use are currently limited, often due to challenges related to model transferability. In this context, we investigate the factors influencing transferability and present methods aimed at enhancing the utilization of AI algorithms in pathology.

The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Alpha in Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure.

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is associated with increased mortality. Specific therapy options are limited. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) has been linked to the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease (CLD), but the role of HIF-1α in ACLF is poorly understood.