Cholinergic and Nadph-δ neurons in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei of human and nonhuman primates.

The brainstem pedunculopontine (PPN) and laterodorsal tegmental (LDTg) nuclei are involved in multifarious activities, including motor control. Yet, their exact cytoarchitectural boundaries are still uncertain. We therefore initiated a comparative study of the topographical and neurochemical organization of the PPN and LDTg in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) and humans.

Bevacizumab in the Treatment of Refractory Brain Edema in High-grade Glioma.

We report the case of a 14-year-old boy with a steroid-dependent refractory tumor whose longstanding dexamethasone treatment was successfully discontinued after a course of bevacizumab. The use of bevacizumab despite the absence of clear evidence of radionecrosis allowed a significant decrease in the amount of the brain edema.

Neuropathological characterization of the cavitating leukoencephalopathy caused by COA8 cytochrome oxidase deficiency: a case report.

COA8-related leukoencephalopathy is a recently described rare cavitating leukoencephalopathy caused by biallelic variants in the gene. Clinically, it presents heterogeneously and usually follows a bi-phasic clinical course with a period of acute onset and regression, followed by stabilization, and in some cases, even subtle improvement. We present a 4-year-old boy with a homozygous 2.

Glioma progression is shaped by genetic evolution and microenvironment interactions.

The factors driving therapy resistance in diffuse glioma remain poorly understood. To identify treatment-associated cellular and genetic changes, we analyzed RNA and/or DNA sequencing data from the temporally separated tumor pairs of 304 adult patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type and IDH-mutant glioma. Tumors recurred in distinct manners that were dependent on IDH mutation status and attributable to changes in histological feature composition, somatic alterations, and microenvironment interactions.

Platelet abnormalities in Huntington's disease.

Unlabelled: Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary disorder that typically manifests in adulthood with a combination of motor, cognitive and psychiatric problems. The pathology is caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene which results in the production of an abnormal protein, mutant huntingtin (mHtt). This protein is ubiquitously expressed and known to confer toxicity to multiple cell types.

Impact of 9p deletion and p16, Cyclin D1, and Myc hyperexpression on the outcome of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas.

Objective: To study the presence of 9p deletion and p16, cyclin D1 and Myc expression and their respective diagnostic and prognostic interest in oligodendrogliomas.

Methods: We analyzed a retrospective series of 40 consecutive anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (OIII) from a single institution and compared them to a control series of 10 low grade oligodendrogliomas (OII). Automated FISH analysis of chromosome 9p status and immunohistochemistry for p16, cyclin D1 and Myc was performed for all cases and correlated with clinical and histological data, event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS).

Contribution of 1p, 19q, 9p and 10q Automated Analysis by FISH to the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Oligodendroglial Tumors According to WHO 2016 Guidelines.

Objective: To study the feasibility and the diagnostic and prognostic interest of automated analysis of 1p, 19q, 9p and 10q status by FISH technique in oligodendroglial tumors.

Methods: We analyzed a retrospective series of 33 consecutive gliomas with oligodendroglial histology (originally diagnosed as 24 oligodendrogliomas and 9 oligoastrocytomas). For all cases, automated FISH analysis of 1p, 19q, 9p and 10q status were performed and compared to clinical and histological data, ATRX, IDH1R132H and alpha-internexin status (studied by immunohistochemistry) and overall survival (OS).

From animal models to human disease: a genetic approach for personalized medicine in ALS.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent motor neuron disease in adults. Classical ALS is characterized by the death of upper and lower motor neurons leading to progressive paralysis. Approximately 10 % of ALS patients have familial form of the disease.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease-Like Periodic Sharp Wave Complexes in Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel-Complex Antibodies Encephalitis: A Case Report.

Introduction: Voltage-gated potassium channel-complex antibodies (VGKC-cAbs) encephalitis, a treatable autoantibody encephalopathy, has been previously reported to clinically mimic sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Among available clinical clues to distinguish them, periodic sharp wave complexes, a typical finding in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, have never been reported in association with VGKC-cAbs encephalitis.

Case Presentation: A 76-year-old man was transferred to a tertiary neurology center with a clinical history of 6-month weight loss, cognitive disturbance, and nonspecific generalized weakness.

Automated Analysis of 1p/19q Status by FISH in Oligodendroglial Tumors: Rationale and Proposal of an Algorithm.

Objective: To propose a new algorithm facilitating automated analysis of 1p and 19q status by FISH technique in oligodendroglial tumors with software packages available in the majority of institutions using this technique.

Methods: We documented all green/red (G/R) probe signal combinations in a retrospective series of 53 oligodendroglial tumors according to literature guidelines (Algorithm 1) and selected only the most significant combinations for a new algorithm (Algorithm 2). This second algorithm was then validated on a prospective internal series of 45 oligodendroglial tumors and on an external series of 36 gliomas.

ImmunoFISH is a reliable technique for the assessment of 1p and 19q status in oligodendrogliomas.

Objective: To develop a new ImmunoFISH technique for the study of oligodendrogliomas by combining a standard immunohistochemical stain using MIB-1 antibody with a standard FISH technique using commercial 1p36 and 19q13 chromosomal probes.

Methods: Validation was performed by two observers on a series of 36 pre-selected oligodendrogliomas and compared to the results previously determined by FISH alone.

Results: The ImFISH technique is easy to perform and to analyze and is no more time-consuming than the usual FISH technique.

A comparison of digitized frozen section and smear preparations for intraoperative neurotelepathology.

Background: Intraoperative consultations in neuropathology are often assessed by smear preparations rather than by frozen sections. Both techniques are standard practice for light microscopic examination on site, but there is little data comparing these techniques in a telepathology setting.

Methods: Thirty cases of brain tumours submitted for intraoperative consultation at our institution between July and December 2010 were identified in which both frozen section and tissue smear preparations were available for digitization at 20× magnification.

Serotonin and dopamine striatal innervation in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea.

In contrast to our vast knowledge of the dopamine (DA) system, much less is known about the involvement of serotonin (5-HT) in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia. Therefore, we designed a study that aimed at characterizing the status of the striatal DA and 5-HT systems in patients who suffered from either Parkinson's (PD) or Huntington's disease (HD), compared to age-matched controls. Antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and 5-HT transporter (SERT) were used as markers of DA and 5-HT axonal profiles, respectively.

Intravascular lymphoma with conus medullaris syndrome followed by encephalopathy.

Background: Intravascular large cell lymphoma (ILCL) is a diagnostic challenge, with neurological, cutaneous and constitutional symptoms. The natural history is usually an evolution to a comatose state. As invasive procedures are usually required for diagnosis, recognizing the typical clinical pattern is critical since an effective treatment is available.