Decline in Isotope Dilution Space Ratio Above Age 60 Could Affect Energy Estimates Using the Doubly Labeled Water Method.

Background: Doubly labeled water is gold standard for measuring total energy expenditure (TEE). Measurements using the method are sensitive to the isotope dilution space ratio (DSR). Accuracy and precision of the method might be improved if we could identify factors influencing DSR.

Does spending more time on electronic screen devices determine the weight outcomes in obese and normal weight Saudi Arabian children?

Objectives: To gather data and investigate if ownership and duration of using electronic devices determines the weight status in an urban Saudi school-aged child. Methods: A multicenter, cross-sectional study conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between December 2015 and March 2016. A total of 1023 child were randomly selected, aged 9.

Comparative evidence of the consumption from fast-food restaurants between normal-weight and obese Saudi schoolchildren.

Objective: To provide an in-depth analysis of the relationship between obesity and fast-food consumption by comparing urban obese and normal-weight Saudi Arabian children.

Design: A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2015 to March 2016. Participants were divided into two groups (normal weight and obese) and further stratified by sex.

Growth and protein-rich food intake in infancy is associated with fat-free mass index at 2-3 years of age.

Aim: The reduction of infant protein intake and associated growth velocity is a recommended public health strategy for reducing the risk of childhood obesity. This study tests the hypothesis that infants' growth and protein-rich food (dairy, meat, fish and egg) intake influences childhood body size and composition at 2-3 years of age.

Methods: Thirty-six children were studied from the Feeding Queensland Babies Study Cohort, which prospectively collected data on infant growth and diet.

PREDICT-CP: study protocol of implementation of comprehensive surveillance to predict outcomes for school-aged children with cerebral palsy.

Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) remains the world's most common childhood physical disability with total annual costs of care and lost well-being of $A3.87b. The PREDICT-CP (NHMRC 1077257 Partnership Project: Comprehensive surveillance to PREDICT outcomes for school age children with CP) study will investigate the influence of brain structure, body composition, dietary intake, oropharyngeal function, habitual physical activity, musculoskeletal development (hip status, bone health) and muscle performance on motor attainment, cognition, executive function, communication, participation, quality of life and related health resource use costs.

The influence of mandatory iodine fortification on the iodine status of Australian school children residing in an iodine sufficient region.

Background And Objectives: To counter emerging iodine deficiency mandatory iodine fortification of bread was introduced throughout Australia in 2009. This study investigated the impact of iodine fortification on the iodine status of school aged children living in the iodine replete state of Queensland, and investigated which foods had greatest influence on overall iodine status.

Methods And Study Design: A convenience sample of 30 children aged 8.

Body composition, diet, and physical activity: a longitudinal cohort study in preschoolers with cerebral palsy.

Background: Altered body composition in children with cerebral palsy (CP) could be due to differences in energy intake, habitual physical activity (HPA), and sedentary time.

Objective: We investigated the longitudinal relation between the weight-for-age z score (WZ), fat-free mass (FFM), percentage of body fat (%BF), and modifiable lifestyle factors for all Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels (I-V).

Design: The study was a longitudinal population-based cohort study of children with CP who were aged 18-60 mo (364 assessments in 161 children; boys: 61%; mean ± SD recruitment age: 2.

Effect of fortified milk on growth and nutritional status in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Adequate nutrition is critical for optimal growth and development. However, young children may be at risk of nutrient deficiencies when transitioning to weaning foods for a variety of reasons. Supplementation with fortified milk may provide potentially lacking essential nutrients, but effects on growth and nutritional status are yet to be established.

Body composition of children with cancer during treatment and in survivorship.

Background: Malnutrition as assessed with the use of body-composition measurements is a poorly understood short- and long-term complication of childhood cancer.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the body composition of 2 childhood cancer cohorts as follows: 1) children currently undergoing cancer treatment and 2) childhood cancer survivors. We also aimed to compare the prevalence of obesity and undernutrition between the cancer groups and investigate the impact of cancer type on body composition.

Impact of exercise on energy metabolism in anorexia nervosa.

Background: Excessive physical activity is one of the most paradoxical features of anorexia nervosa (AN). However, there is individual variation in the degree of physical activity found in AN-patients. As a result, marked differences in energy expenditure may be expected.

Response to growth hormone treatment in Prader-Willi syndrome: auxological criteria versus genetic diagnosis.

Aim: The Australian Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) database was established to monitor the efficacy and safety of growth hormone (GH) treatment in PWS. This study aims to compare response to GH based on eligibility criteria.

Methods: Comparative study: 72 children received GH on the basis of short stature or evidence of GH deficiency (pre-2009: PWS-SS) and 94 on a genetic diagnosis (post-2009: PWS-Dx).

The Eat Smart Study: a randomised controlled trial of a reduced carbohydrate versus a low fat diet for weight loss in obese adolescents.

Background: Despite the recognition of obesity in young people as a key health issue, there is limited evidence to inform health professionals regarding the most appropriate treatment options. The Eat Smart study aims to contribute to the knowledge base of effective dietary strategies for the clinical management of the obese adolescent and examine the cardiometablic effects of a reduced carbohydrate diet versus a low fat diet.

Methods And Design: Eat Smart is a randomised controlled trial and aims to recruit 100 adolescents over a 2 1/2 year period.

Energy expenditure and physical activity of ambulatory children with cerebral palsy and of typically developing children.

Background: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) expend more energy when walking than do their typically developing peers. The effect this has on physical activity levels (PALs) and on total energy expenditure (TEE) will have important implications when determining energy requirements.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the components of TEE in children with CP in comparison with typically developing children and to determine what effect the higher energy expenditure during walking has in ambulatory children with CP on PAL and on TEE.

Developing waist-to-height ratio cut-offs to define overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.

Objective: The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) assesses abdominal adiposity and has been proposed to be of greater value in predicting obesity-related cardiovascular health risks in children than BMI. The present study aims to develop WHtR cut-offs for overweight and obesity based on the 85th and 95th percentiles for the percentage body fat (%BF) in a cohort of children and adolescents.

Design: Waist circumference (WC), height, triceps and subscapular skinfolds were used to calculate WHtR and %BF.

Proposed new target height equations for use in Australian growth clinics.

Equations for target height estimation designed for easy use in the Australian growth clinics are presented that are based on the standard deviation score method of Hermanussen and Cole. These equations are superior to the commonly used corrected midparental height method as they account for assortative mating and regression to the mean. Simulations using different mating types were performed to compare different methods of target height estimation.

Infant growth and later body composition: evidence from the 4-component model.

Background: Rapid weight gain in infancy is associated with higher body mass index in later life, but its relation with individual body-composition components remains unclear.

Objective: We aimed to investigate associations between weight gain during different periods in infancy and later fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM).

Design: Body composition was assessed by using the 4-component model, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and anthropometry in 234 healthy UK children and adolescents (105 boys; x +/- SD age: 11.