Unraveling novel mutation patterns and morphological variations in two dalbavancin-resistant MRSA strains in Austria using whole genome sequencing and transmission electron microscopy.

Background: The increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains resistant to non-beta-lactam antimicrobials poses a significant challenge in treating severe MRSA bloodstream infections. This study explores resistance development and mechanisms in MRSA isolates, especially after the first dalbavancin-resistant MRSA strain in our hospital in 2016.

Methods: This study investigated 55 MRSA bloodstream isolates (02/2015-02/2021) from the University Hospital of the Medical University of Vienna, Austria.

Differences in oxazolidinone resistance mechanisms and small colony variants emergence of induced in an resistance development model.

Invasive infections are associated with a high burden of disease, case fatality rate and healthcare costs. Oxazolidinones such as linezolid and tedizolid are considered potential treatment choices for conditions involving methicillin resistance or penicillin allergies. Additionally, they are being investigated as potential inhibitors of toxins in toxin-mediated diseases.

Early treatment response to piperacillin/tazobactam in patients with bloodstream infections caused by non-ESBL ampicillin/sulbactam-resistant Escherichia coli: a binational cohort study.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare treatment outcomes for bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by a piperacillin/tazobactam (PIP/TAZ)-susceptible E. coli among three patient groups: BSI caused by ampicillin/sulbactam (AMP/SLB)-resistant isolates treated with PIP/TAZ, BSI caused by AMP/SLB-sensitive isolates treated with PIP/TAZ, and BSI caused by AMP/SLB-resistant isolates treated with another monotherapy.

Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in two academic centres in Europe.

Antibiotic resistance of the bacterial spectrum of deep space head and neck infections in oral and maxillofacial surgery - a retrospective study.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the current resistance situation concerning routinely used antibiotics for treatment in odontogenic abscesses.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study assessed patients with deep space head and neck infections who were treated by surgical intervention under general anesthesia at our department. The target parameter was the ascertainment of the resistance rates in order to identify the bacterial spectrum, sites in the body, length of inpatient stay, and the age and sex of the patients.

Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in health care professionals at a tertiary university pediatric hospital.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a commensal of the human upper respiratory tract. In certain cases, it can lead to serious invasive infections peaking in very young children and the elderly. Especially young children are frequent carriers and are thus regarded as the reservoir for horizontal transmission of pneumococci.

Clinical Usefulness of Susceptibility Breakpoints for Yeasts in the Treatment of Candidemia: A Noninterventional Study.

This prospective noninterventional study evaluated whether antifungal susceptibility data (MIC) provided for clinical isolates on the basis of recently established breakpoints are taken into account by clinicians to guide their treatment decision making process, and assessed the response in MIC- and non-MIC-based treatment groups. During a six month period, the usage of systemic antifungals was recorded in detail and compared with mycological data ( species and MICs) in candidemia patients. Patients were assigned to a susceptible or resistant infection group based on European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints; treatment decisions were under the professional discretion of the treating physicians.

Pharyngeal carriage rates of Neisseria meningitidis in health care professionals at a tertiary university pediatric hospital.

Pharyngeal carriage is the reservoir for Neisseria meningitidis in the population and the first step in disease transmission. Especially in young infants and adolescents, N. meningitidis can cause serious invasive infection with high fatality rates and high rates of long-term sequelae among survivors.

Molecular epidemiology of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii : A 10-year analysis in a large tertiary care university hospital in central Europe with international admissions.

Background: Over the last 10 years, multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has been spreading worldwide as emerging microorganisms that negatively impact on the outcome of in-hospital patients.

Methods: Between 2007 and 2016, all isolates of patients of the Vienna General Hospital (VGH), tested positive for multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR A. baumannii) strains, were investigated with respect to their genetic relationship.

A national point prevalence study on healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in Austria.

Background: The first point prevalence survey performed in Austria had the aim to assess the magnitude of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobials use in the country.

Methods: A multicentre study was carried out from May until June 2012 in nine acute care hospitals with a mean bed number of 620. Data from 4321 patients' clinical charts were reviewed.

Case report: spontaneous rupture of spleen in patient with Plasmodium ovale malaria.

Malaria may lead to spontaneous splenic rupture as a rare but potentially lethal complication. Most frequently, this has been reported in patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, while other parasitic agents are less likely to be the cause.We report a 29-year-old British Caucasian, who after returning from a business trip in Democratic Republic Congo was diagnosed with tertian malaria caused by Plasmodium ovale.

Antibacterial activity of a sterile antimicrobial polyisoprene surgical glove against transient flora following a 2-hours simulated use.

Background: A surgical glove will protect surgeons and patients only if the glove's integrity remains intact. However, several studies have demonstrated that undetected micro-perforations of surgical gloves are common. Because of the possibility of surgical glove puncture, an antimicrobial surgical glove was developed.

The strength of coughing may forecast the likelihood of spread of multi-drug resistant microorganisms from the respiratory tract of colonized patients.

Background: Current recommendations indicate that patients who are coughing and have multidrug resistant microorganisms (MDROs) in their sputum are considered to be shedders and should be cared for in single room isolation at least until symptoms resolve. Airborne spread and subsequent contamination of surfaces adjacent to patients may contribute to transmission. Hence, isolation measures for patients colonized or infected with MDRO at their respiratory tract are intended to interrupt such transmission.

Independent emergence of artemisinin resistance mutations among Plasmodium falciparum in Southeast Asia.

Background: The emergence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Southeast Asia threatens malaria treatment efficacy. Mutations in a kelch protein encoded on P. falciparum chromosome 13 (K13) have been associated with resistance in vitro and in field samples from Cambodia.

Mirincamycin, an old candidate for malaria combination treatment and prophylaxis in the 21st century: in vitro interaction profiles with potential partner drugs in continuous culture and field isolates.

Background: Spreading resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to existing drugs calls for the search for novel anti-malarial drugs and combinations for the treatment of falciparum malaria.

Methods: In vitro and ex vivo investigations were conducted with fresh P. falciparum field isolates and culture-adapted P.

Severe Clostridium difficile infection: incidence and risk factors at a tertiary care university hospital in Vienna, Austria.

Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the major cause of hospital-acquired bacterial diarrhoea. The incidence of CDI has been increasing in Canada, the US and Europe and severe cases are becoming more common.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study investigating all patients with an episode of CDI present at the Vienna University Hospital between 01 January 2012 and 31 December 2012 was conducted.

High prevalence and genetic diversity of Plasmodium malariae and no evidence of Plasmodium knowlesi in Bangladesh.

Although the prevalence of malaria remains high in parts of Bangladesh, there continues to be a substantial shortage of information regarding the less common malaria parasites such as Plasmodium malariae or Plasmodium knowlesi. Recent studies indicate that P. malariae may be extremely rare, and so far, there are no data on the presence (or absence) of P.

Evidence of a major reservoir of non-malarial febrile diseases in malaria-endemic regions of Bangladesh.

In malaria-endemic regions any febrile case is likely to be classified as malaria based on presumptive diagnosis largely caused by a lack of diagnostic resources. A district-wide prevalence study assessing etiologies of fever in 659 patients recruited in rural and semi-urban areas of Bandarban district in southeastern Bangladesh revealed high proportions of seropositivity for selected infectious diseases (leptospirosis, typhoid fever) potentially being misdiagnosed as malaria because of similarities in the clinical presentation. In an area with point prevalences of more than 40% for malaria among fever cases, even higher seroprevalence rates of leptospirosis and typhoid fever provide evidence of a major persistent reservoir of these pathogens.

High prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in south-eastern Bangladesh.

Background: The WHO has reported that RDT and microscopy-confirmed malaria cases have declined in recent years. However, it is still unclear if this reflects a real decrease in incidence in Bangladesh, as particularly the hilly and forested areas of the Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) Districts report more than 80% of all cases and deaths. surveillance and epidemiological data on malaria from the CHT are limited; existing data report Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax as the dominant species.

Current status of artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria in South Asia: a randomized controlled artesunate monotherapy trial in Bangladesh.

Objective: Recent reports indicate that first cases of genuine artemisinin resistance have already emerged along the Thai-Cambodian border. The main objective of this trial was to track the potential emergence of artemisinin resistance in Bangladesh, which in terms of drug resistance forms a gateway to the Indian subcontinent.

Methods: We conducted an open-label, randomized, controlled 42-day clinical trial in Southeastern Bangladesh to investigate the potential spread of clinical artemisinin resistance from Southeast Asia.

Genetic loci associated with delayed clearance of Plasmodium falciparum following artemisinin treatment in Southeast Asia.

The recent emergence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in western Cambodia could threaten prospects for malaria elimination. Identification of the genetic basis of resistance would provide tools for molecular surveillance, aiding efforts to contain resistance. Clinical trials of artesunate efficacy were conducted in Bangladesh, in northwestern Thailand near the Myanmar border, and at two sites in western Cambodia.

Plasmodium ovale in Bangladesh: genetic diversity and the first known evidence of the sympatric distribution of Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri in southern Asia.

In spite of the high prevalence of malaria in Bangladesh and other southern Asian countries, there remains a substantial shortage of knowledge about the less common human malaria parasites. Recent studies indicate that Plasmodium ovale is made up of two species, namely Plasmodium ovale wallikeri and Plasmodium ovale curtisi. Genus- and species-specific nested PCR analyses of the ssrRNA gene was used to detect P.

Antiplasmodial activity of flavonol quercetin and its analogues in Plasmodium falciparum: evidence from clinical isolates in Bangladesh and standardized parasite clones.

Malaria is still a major threat in many parts of the world with resistance spreading to almost all classes of antimalarials. The limited arsenal of available antimalarial drugs emphasizes the urgent need for novel antimalarial compounds. Owing to the fact that novel leads from nature have traditionally played a pivotal role in the development of various classes of antimalarials, we investigated a set of eight naturally occurring dietary flavonoids and their analogues for their antiplasmodial activity on clinical field isolates in southeastern Bangladesh and culture-adapted chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant parasite clones.

Novel nested direct PCR technique for malaria diagnosis using filter paper samples.

The use of direct nested PCR enables the detection of Plasmodium spp. from blood samples collected on filter papers without requiring the time-consuming procedures associated with DNA extraction. Direct PCR provides a rapid, highly sensitive, and cost-effective alternative to diagnosing malaria using filter paper samples and standard nested PCR.