[Development and use of vaccines from the 18th century to the SARS-CoV 2 period].

This review is about the development and use of vaccines from the early smallpox vaccine in the 18th century to the forthcoming SARS-CoV 2 vaccines. Immunisations have been of paramount importance for childhood mortality and public health in general, but some obstacles have also been encountered such as vaccine failures and vaccine scepticism. This calls for continued emphasis on large phase three studies not only for demonstration of efficacy but also for safety and possible side effects.

CNS infections in Greenland: A nationwide register-based cohort study.

Background: Indigenous Arctic people suffer from high rates of infectious diseases. However, the burden of central nervous system (CNS) infections is poorly documented. This study aimed to estimate incidence rates and mortality of CNS infections among Inuits and non-Inuits in Greenland and in Denmark.

Employment and disability pension after central nervous system infections in adults.

In this nationwide population-based cohort study using national Danish registries, in the period 1980-2008, our aim was to study employment and receipt of disability pension after central nervous system infections. All patients diagnosed between 20 and 55 years of age with meningococcal (n = 451), pneumococcal (n = 553), or viral (n = 1,433) meningitis or with herpes simplex encephalitis (n = 115), who were alive 1 year after diagnosis, were identified. Comparison cohorts were drawn from the general population, and their members were individually matched on age and sex to patients.

Long-term mortality after Staphylococcus aureus spondylodiscitis: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study.

Objectives: To determine the long-term mortality and the causes of death after Staphylococcus aureus spondylodiscitis.

Methods: Nationwide, population-based cohort study using national registries of adults diagnosed with non postoperative S. aureus spondylodiscitis from 1994-2009 and alive 1 year after diagnosis (n Z 313).

Educational achievement and economic self-sufficiency in adults after childhood bacterial meningitis.

Importance: To our knowledge, no previous study has examined functioning in adult life among persons who had bacterial meningitis in childhood.

Objective: To study educational achievement and economic self-sufficiency in adults diagnosed as having bacterial meningitis in childhood.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Nationwide population-based cohort study using national registries of Danish-born children diagnosed as having meningococcal, pneumococcal, or Haemophilus influenzae meningitis in the period 1977-2007 (n=2784 patients).

Microbiological and therapeutic challenges in infectious spondylodiscitis: a cohort study of 100 cases, 2006-2011.

Background: The microbiological diagnosis of infectious spondylodiscitis is often difficult to establish and the disease requires prolonged antibiotic treatment. We analyzed the medical records of 100 patients admitted for infectious spondylodiscitis from 2006 to 2011 with an emphasis on (1) the diagnostic utility of blood cultures and invasive biopsies in the microbiological diagnosis, (2) clinical features differentiating Staphylococcus aureus infections from those with other aetiologies, and (3) evaluation of the outcome of the antimicrobial therapy.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed.

Long-term mortality in patients diagnosed with Listeria monocytogenes meningitis: a Danish nationwide cohort study.

Objectives: To determine the long-term mortality, the causes of death and the incidence of cancer in listeria meningitis patients.

Methods: Nationwide, population-based cohort study including all adult patients diagnosed with listeria meningitis from 1977 to 2006 and alive 1 year after diagnosis, and an age-and gender-matched, population control cohort. Kaplan-Meier tables, Cox regression analysis and cumulative incidence function were used as outcome analyses.

Fever of unknown origin: a retrospective study of 52 cases with evaluation of the diagnostic utility of FDG-PET/CT.

Objectives: Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is dynamic in its origin and will be an ongoing challenge to the clinician because of shifting disease epidemiology. Here we present a series of patients with classical FUO admitted to an infectious diseases department during a 5-y period, with an emphasis on the diagnostic utility of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) in present-day cases of FUO.

Methods: Patient records were reviewed retrospectively.

Long-term mortality in children diagnosed with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis: a Danish nationwide cohort study.

Background: The long-term mortality in children diagnosed with Haemophilus influenzae meningitis is poorly documented.

Methods: We performed a nationwide, population-based cohort study including all Danish children diagnosed at the age between 0 and <5 years with H. influenzae meningitis from 1977 through 1996 and who were alive 1 year after diagnosis.

Long-term mortality in patients diagnosed with meningococcal disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study.

Background: In contrast to the case fatality rate of patients diagnosed with meningococcal disease (MD) the long-term mortality in these patients is poorly documented.

Methodology/principal Findings: We performed a nationwide, population-based cohort study including all Danish patients diagnosed with MD from 1977 through 2006 and alive one year after diagnosis. Data was retrieved from the Danish National Hospital Register, the Danish Civil Registration System and the Danish Register of Causes of Death.

[Listerial meningitis at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital 1983-2006].

Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes rarely causes meningitis, but when it does the course can be severe and case fatality rates high. The article describes clinical and laboratory findings as well as treatment and outcome among patients treated for listerial meningitis at the Department of Infectious diseases, Rigshospitalet from 1983-2006.

Material And Methods: Patient records were reviewed for all adults with a diagnosis of listerial meningitis.

Circulating levels of vasoactive peptides in patients with acute bacterial meningitis.

Purpose: The underlying mechanisms for cerebral blood flow (CBF) abnormalities in acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) are largely unknown. Putative mediators include vasoactive peptides, e.g.

Infection control in the management of highly pathogenic infectious diseases: consensus of the European Network of Infectious Disease.

The European Network for Infectious Diseases (EUNID) is a network of clinicians, public health epidemiologists, microbiologists, infection control, and critical-care doctors from the European member states, who are experienced in the management of patients with highly infectious diseases. We aim to develop a consensus recommendation for infection control during clinical management and invasive procedures in such patients. After an extensive literature review, draft recommendations were amended jointly by 27 partners from 15 European countries.

Functional characteristics of HIV-1 subtype C compatible with increased heterosexual transmissibility.

Background: Despite the existence of over 50 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms of HIV-1, subtype C dominates the heterosexual pandemic causing approximately 56% of all infections.

Objective: To evaluate whether viral genetic factors may contribute to the observed subtype-C predominance.

Methods: Chimeric viruses were generated using V1-V3 envelope fragments from a subtype-A/C dually infected woman with preferential genital replication of subtype C.

[Kawasaki syndrome in adults].

Kawasaki syndrome (KS), which is febrile systemic vasculitis complicated by coronary aneurysms, was initially described in children, but an increasing number of case-reports address adult-KS. The disease seems to be infectious of origin, but the causative agent has not been established. The debut of the disease is abrupt onset of high fever, followed by conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, rash, oral mucosal erythema and erythema of palms and soles.

The Spanish flu in Denmark.

The spread of H5N1 influenza and the similarity between this avian virus and the Spanish flu virus causes fear of a new influenza pandemic, but data from the Spanish flu may also be of guidance in planning for preventive measures. Using data on influenza cases, influenza deaths and total deaths for Denmark and for Danish towns from 1917 to 1921, and population data from the 1916 and 1921 censuses, we analysed incident cases, cumulative, age-specific and age-standardized rates. Overall, more than 900,000 persons contracted flu during the y 1918-1920, and 1 out of 50 patients died from the disease.

The effect of S. pneumoniae bacteremia on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in rats.

In the present study, we studied the effect of bacteremia on cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation in a rat model of pneumococcal bacteremia and meningitis. Anesthetized rats were divided into five groups (A to E) and inoculated with pneumococci intravenously and normal saline intracisternally (group A, N=10); saline intravenously and pneumococci intracisternally (group B, N=10); pneumococci intravenously and pneumococci intracisternally (group C, N=5); saline intravenously, antipneumococcal antibody intravenously (to prevent bacteremia), and pneumococci intracisternally (group D, N=10); or saline intravenously and saline intracisternally (group E, N=10), respectively. Positive cultures occurred in the blood for all rats in groups A, B, and C, and in the cerebrospinal fluid for all rats in groups D and E.

Changing epidemiology of pediatric Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in Denmark from 1971 through 2000.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is known to be a leading cause of bacteremia in childhood, and is associated with severe morbidity and increased mortality. To determine developments in incidence and mortality rates, as well as risk factors associated with outcome, we analyzed data from 1971 through 2000.

Methods: Nationwide registration of S.