Perceived exertion can be lower when exercising in field versus indoors.

Purpose: Studies indicate that the rated perceived exertion (RPE) during physical exercise can be lower in field environments than indoors. The environmental conditions of those studies are explored. Furthermore, we study if the same phenomenon is valid when cycling indoors versus in cycle commuting environments with high levels of stimuli from both traffic and suburban-urban elements.

Pedestrians' perceptions of route environments in relation to deterring or facilitating walking.

Background: Every walk takes place in a route environment, and it can play an important role in deterring or facilitating walking, and will always affect the environmental unwell-well-being of pedestrians. The aim of this study is to illuminate which the important route environmental variables are in this respect. The focus is, therefore, on pedestrians' perceptions of route environmental variables and how they relate to overall appraisals of route environments as hindering-stimulating for walking and unsafe-safe for reasons of traffic.

Pedestrians' Perceptions of Motorized Traffic Variables in Relation to Appraisals of Urban Route Environments.

It is important to examine how motorized traffic variables affect pedestrians along a gradient from rural to inner urban settings. Relations between pedestrians' perceptions of four traffic variables and appraisals of route environments as hindering-stimulating for walking as well as unsafe-safe for reasons of traffic, were therefore studied in the inner urban area of Stockholm, Sweden ( = 294). The pedestrians rated their perceptions and appraisals with the Active Commuting Route Environment Scale (ACRES).

Perspectives on exercise intensity, volume, step characteristics and health outcomes in walking for transport.

Background: Quantification of movement intensity and energy utilization, together with frequency of trips, duration, distance, step counts and cadence, is essential for interpreting the character of habitual walking for transport, and its potential support of health. The purpose of the study is to illuminate this with valid methods and novel perspectives, and to thereby provide a new basis for characterizing and interpreting walking in relation to health outcomes.

Methods: Habitual middle-aged commuting pedestrians (males = 10, females = 10) were investigated in the laboratory at rest and with maximal treadmill and cycle ergometer tests.

Interchangeability and optimization of heart rate methods for estimating oxygen uptake in ergometer cycling, level treadmill walking and running.

Background: The heart rate (HR) method enables estimating oxygen uptake (V̇O) in physical activities. However, there is a paucity in knowledge about the interchangeability of this method when applied to cycling, walking and running. Furthermore, with the aim of optimization, there is a need to compare different models for establishing HR-V̇O relationships.

Heart Rate Methods Can Be Valid for Estimating Intensity Spectrums of Oxygen Uptake in Field Exercise.

Purpose: Quantifying intensities of physical activities through measuring oxygen uptake (V̇O) is of importance for understanding the relation between human movement, health and performance. This can in principle be estimated by the heart rate (HR) method, based on the linear relationship between HR and V̇O established in the laboratory. It needs, however, to be explored whether HR methods, based on HR-V̇O relationships determined in the laboratory, are valid for estimating spectrums of V̇O in field exercise.

Overall health impacts of a potential increase in cycle commuting in Stockholm, Sweden.

Aims: To estimate the overall health impact of transferring commuting trips from car to bicycle.

Methods: In this study registry information on the location of home and work for residents in Stockholm County was used to obtain the shortest travel route on a network of bicycle paths and roads. Current modes of travel to work were based on travel survey data.

Potential for reduced premature mortality by current and increased bicycle commuting: a health impact assessment using registry data on home and work addresses in Stockholm, Sweden.

Objectives: The study aims to make use of individual data to estimate the impact on premature mortality due to both existing commuter bicycling and the potential impact due to increased physical activity through shifting transport mode from car commuting to bicycling.

Methods: Using registry data on home and work addresses for the population of Stockholm County the shortest bicycling route on a network of bicycle paths and roads was retrieved. Travel survey data were used to establish current modes of commuting.

Perspectives on Exercise Intensity, Volume and Energy Expenditure in Habitual Cycle Commuting.

Knowledge about exercise intensity and energy expenditure combined with trip frequency and duration is necessary for interpreting the character and potential influencing capacity of habitual cycle commuting on e.g., health outcomes.

Are heart rate methods based on ergometer cycling and level treadmill walking interchangeable?

Introduction: The heart rate (HR) method is a promising approach for evaluating oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]), energy demands and exercise intensities in different forms of physical activities. It would be valuable if the HR method, established on ergometer cycling, is interchangeable with other regular activities, such as level walking. This study therefore aimed to examine the interchangeability of the HR method when estimating [Formula: see text] for ergometer cycling and level treadmill walking in submaximal conditions.

The heart rate method for estimating oxygen uptake: analyses of reproducibility using a range of heart rates from commuter walking.

Background: The heart rate method, based on the linear relation between heart rate and oxygen uptake, is potentially valuable to monitor intensity levels of physical activities. However, this depends not least on its reproducibility under standard conditions. This study aims, therefore, to evaluate the reproducibility of the heart rate method in the laboratory using a range of heart rates associated with walking commuting.

The heart rate method for estimating oxygen uptake: Analyses of reproducibility using a range of heart rates from cycle commuting.

Monitoring aerobic exercise intensities of free-living physical activities is valuable for purposes such as education and research. The heart rate (HR) method, based on the linear relation between HR and oxygen uptake (VO2), is potentially valuable for this purpose. Three prerequisites are that the method is reproducible, and valid for the specific form of physical activity executed as well as under field conditions.

Correction: Correction: Estimating duration-distance relations in cycle commuting in the general population.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Correction: Estimating duration-distance relations in cycle commuting in the general population.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Estimating duration-distance relations in cycle commuting in the general population.

It is important to estimate the duration-distance relation in cycle commuting in the general population since this enables analyses of the potential for various public health outcomes. Therefore, the aim is to estimate this relation in the Swedish adult population of 2015. For that purpose, the first step was to establishit for adult male and female cycle commuters in Greater Stockholm, Sweden.

Distance, Duration, and Velocity in Cycle Commuting: Analyses of Relations and Determinants of Velocity.

: The distance, duration, and velocity of cycling for transport purposes are used in health economic assessments, epidemiological studies, traffic modelling, and planning. It is therefore of value to determine relevant levels for them, and analyze how they relate, as well as to what extent other relevant variables may affect cycling velocities. 1661 cycle commuters (34% males) in Greater Stockholm, Sweden have been studied for that purpose.

Impacts on air pollution and health by changing commuting from car to bicycle.

Our study is based on individual data on people's home and work addresses, as well as their age, sex and physical capacity, in order to establish realistic bicycle-travel distances. A transport model is used to single out data on commuting preferences in the County Stockholm. Our analysis shows there is a very large potential for reducing emissions and exposure if all car drivers living within a distance corresponding to a maximum of a 30min bicycle ride to work would change to commuting by bicycle.

Active Commuting Behaviors in a Nordic Metropolitan Setting in Relation to Modality, Gender, and Health Recommendations.

Active commuting between home and place of work or study is often cited as an interesting source of physical activity in a public health perspective. However, knowledge about these behaviors is meager. This was therefore studied in adult active commuters (n = 1872) in Greater Stockholm, Sweden, a Nordic metropolitan setting.

Exploring bikeability in a suburban metropolitan area using the Active Commuting Route Environment Scale (ACRES).

Background And Aim: Commuting by bicycle could contribute to public health, and route environments may influence this behaviour. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the potential associations between appraisals of the overall route environment as hindering or stimulating for bicycle commuting, with both perceptions of commuting route environmental factors in a suburban area and background factors.

Methods: The Active Commuting Route Environment Scale (ACRES) was used for the assessment of bicycle commuters' perceptions and appraisals of their route environments in the suburban parts of Greater Stockholm, Sweden.

Physical activity and the perceived neighbourhood environment - looking at the association the other way around.

The association between physical activity (PA) and variables of the perceived environment mainly originate from cross-sectional studies that introduced the idea that the environment influences the PA level of residents. However, the direction of cause and effect has not been solved with finality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether residents' perception of their proximate environment differs depending on their level of PA in transport and recreation.

Sitting time in Germany: an analysis of socio-demographic and environmental correlates.

Background: Sedentary behaviour in general and sitting time in particular is an emerging global health concern. The aim of this study was to provide data on the prevalence of sitting time in German adults and to examine socio-demographic and environmental correlates of sitting time.

Methods: A representative sample of German adults (n = 2000; 967 men, 1033 women; 49.

Risk factors of porcine cysticercosis in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.

There is a high prevalence of Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis in humans and pigs in the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) of South Africa. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors of porcine cysticercosis in select districts of the ECP. Data were collected in 2003 by interviewing 217 pig producers from the area.

Exploring bikeability in a metropolitan setting: stimulating and hindering factors in commuting route environments.

Background: Route environments may influence people's active commuting positively and thereby contribute to public health. Assessments of route environments are, however, needed in order to better understand the possible relationship between active commuting and the route environment. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the potential associations between perceptions of whether the route environment on the whole hinders or stimulates bicycle commuting and perceptions of environmental factors.

Economic impact of cystic echinococcosis in peru.

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) constitutes an important public health problem in Peru. However, no studies have attempted to estimate the monetary and non-monetary impact of CE in Peruvian society.

Methods: We used official and published sources of epidemiological and economic information to estimate direct and indirect costs associated with livestock production losses and human disease in addition to surgical CE-associated disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost.

Validity of the Oxycon Mobile metabolic system under field measuring conditions.

This study aimed to validate a portable metabolic system in field measuring conditions, such as prolonged moderate exercise at low temperatures, high humidity and with external wind. VO(2), VCO(2), RER and V (E) were measured using the Oxycon Mobile (OM), with a windshield, during cycle ergometer exercise: (1) indoors at three submaximal workloads with no wind or with external wind (13-20 m s(-1)) from front, side and back; (2) at two submaximal workloads outdoors (12 ± 2°C; 86 ± 7% relative humidity (RH)), with and without a system for drying the ambient air around the air sampling tube; and (3) at one workload outdoors for 45 min (5 ± 4°C; 69 ± 16.5% RH).