The Use of Antimicrobial Washes to Inactivate Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from In-Shell Pecans and Wash Water Contaminated by Different Inoculation Routes.

In-shell pecans are typically harvested after falling from trees to the ground, presenting a potential route of contamination of foodborne pathogens from soil contact. In-shell pecans are often subjected to various processing or washing steps prior to being shelled. This study determined Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) reductions after treatment with antimicrobial washes on direct and soil-inoculated in-shell pecans and evaluated the cross-contamination potential of the spent pecan washes after treatment.

Evaluating the Safety of Sous-Vide Cooking for Beef Products Inoculated with Single Strains of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157.

Sous-videcooking is a growing trend among retailers and consumers. Foodborne pathogens may survive the cooking if nonvalidated parameters are used or if pathogens have enhanced thermalresistance. Pathogen inactivation from sous-vide cooking was determined when introduced directly to beef products or via contaminated spices, and with or without a finishing step.

Comparison of yeast-derived commercial feed additives on Salmonella Enteritidis survival and microbiota populations in rooster cecal in vitro incubations.

Yeast-derived products have become more of an interest in the poultry industry as of late because of their use in modulating the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome to both improve production parameters and prevent infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various yeast-derived products on Salmonella enterica inoculation in un in vitro rooster cecal incubations and associated effects on the cecal microbiome. Cecal contents were obtained from 53-wk old White Leghorn H & N Nick Chick roosters (n = 3) fed a wheat-based, commercial-type basal diet.

Yeast Fermentate-Mediated Reduction of Reading and Typhimurium in an Turkey Cecal Culture Model.

Reading is an ongoing public health issue in the turkey industry, leading to significant morbidity in humans in the United States. Pre-harvest intervention strategies that contribute to the reduction of foodborne pathogens in food animals, such as the yeast fermentation metabolites of Original XPC (XPC), may become the key to multi-hurdle farm to fork strategies. Therefore, we developed an anaerobic turkey cecal model to assess the effects of XPC on the ceca of commercial finisher tom turkeys fed diets void of XPC and antibiotics.

The Preliminary Development of an Poultry Cecal Culture Model to Evaluate the Effects of Original XPC for the Reduction of and Its Potential Effects on the Microbiota.

Poultry is a major reservoir for the pathogen . inhabits the poultry gastrointestinal tract as a part of the gut microbiota. The objective of this study was to evaluate both the survival of and the changes in the population dynamics of the cecal microbiome during an inoculation in the presence or absence of the functional metabolites of Diamond V Original XPC (XPC).

Overcoming cellulose recalcitrance in woody biomass for the lignin-first biorefinery.

Background: Low-temperature swelling of cotton linter cellulose and subsequent gelatinization in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) greatly enhance rates of enzymatic digestion or maleic acid-AlCl catalyzed conversion to hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA). However, lignin inhibits low-temperature swelling of TFA-treated intact wood particles from hybrid poplar ( × ) and results in greatly reduced yields of glucose or catalytic conversion compared to lignin-free cellulose. Previous studies have established that wood particles from transgenic lines of hybrid poplar with high syringyl (S) lignin content give greater glucose yields following enzymatic digestion.

Differential effects of rice bran cultivars to limit Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken cecal in vitro incubations and impact on the cecal microbiome and metabolome.

In this study, rice brans from different cultivars (Calrose, Jasmine, and Red Wells) were assessed for their ability to inhibit Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium using an in vitro mixed anaerobic culture system containing cecal microbiota obtained from broilers of different ages. Salmonella Typhimurium was added to controls (feed only, cecal only, and feed + cecal material) and treatments (feed + cecal + different rice brans) and S. Typhimurium populations were enumerated at 0, 24, and 48 h.

Growth Characterization of Single and Double Methionine Auxotroph Strains for Potential Vaccine Use in Poultry.

Poultry meat is an important source of zoonotic infection. Oral vaccination of chickens with live attenuated during grow-out is an attractive approach to control colonization in the chicken gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we report the construction of methionine-dependent and growth of Typhimurium mutant strains with methionine auxotrophy (Δ and ΔΔ) and survival in chicken feed and fecal matrices.

Original XPC Effect on Typhimurium and Cecal Microbiota from Three Different Ages of Broiler Chickens When Incubated in an Anaerobic Culture System.

Feed supplements are utilized in the poultry industry as a means for improving growth performance and reducing pathogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Diamond V Original XPC (XPC, a fermented product generated from yeast cultures) on Typhimurium ST 97 along with its potential for modulation of the cecal microbiota by using an anaerobic mixed culture assay. Cecal slurries obtained from three broiler chickens at each of three sampling ages (14, 28, and 42 days) were generated and exposed to a 24 h pre-incubation period with the various treatments: XPC (1% XPC, ceca, and feeds), CO (ceca only), and NC (negative control) group consisting of ceca and feeds.

Sodium bisulfate and a sodium bisulfate/tannin mixture decreases pH when added to an in vitro incubated poultry cecal or fecal contents while reducing Salmonella Typhimurium marker strain survival and altering the microbiome.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the ability of animal feed-grade sodium bisulfate (SBS) and a mixture of sodium bisulfate/tannin to inhibit the growth of Salmonella using an anerobic in vitro mixed cecal culture to mimic the conditions within the chicken cecum. An initial inoculum of Salmonella Typhimurium was introduced to an anerobic dilution solution containing 1/3000 diluted cecal bacteria and solids consisting of ground chicken feed and different percentages of solid SBS or SBS/tannin, and surviving organisms were enumerated. Two different experimental designs were employed.

Microbial compositional changes in broiler chicken cecal contents from birds challenged with different Salmonella vaccine candidate strains.

Previously, we constructed and characterized the vaccine efficacy of Salmonella Typhimurium mutant strains in poultry with either inducible mviN expression (P-mviN) or methionine auxotrophy (ΔΔmetRmetD). The aim of the present study was to assess potential impact of these Salmonella vaccine strains on the cecal microbiota using a next generation sequencing (NGS). The cecal microbial community obtained from unvaccinated (group 1) and vaccinated chickens (group 2, vaccinated with P-mviN; group 3, vaccinated with wild type; group 4, vaccinated with ΔΔmetRmetD) were subjected to microbiome sequencing analysis with an Illumina MiSeq platform.

Reduction of Typhimurium by Fermentation Metabolites of Diamond V Original XPC in an Anaerobic Mixed Chicken Cecal Culture.

Fermentation metabolites of Diamond V Original XPC™ (XPC), a biological product derived from yeast fermentation, were evaluated for their ability to reduce the Typhimurium population using an mixed anaerobic culture system containing cecal microbiota to simulate chicken hindgut conditions. Four different samples were prepared: anaerobic mixed culture containing (1) feed only, (2) cecal only (ceca were harvested from 42 days old broiler chickens), (3) feed and cecal contents, and (4) feed, cecal contents, and 1% XPC. Two experimental conditions were investigated: Group 1, in which the cecal content was added at the same time as a .

An Introduction to the Avian Gut Microbiota and the Effects of Yeast-Based Prebiotic-Type Compounds as Potential Feed Additives.

The poultry industry has been searching for a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters in poultry feed as public concerns over the use of antibiotics and the appearance of antibiotic resistance has become more intense. An ideal replacement would be feed amendments that could eliminate pathogens and disease while retaining economic value via improvements on body weight and feed conversion ratios. Establishing a healthy gut microbiota can have a positive impact on growth and development of both body weight and the immune system of poultry while reducing pathogen invasion and disease.

Regulated expression of virulence gene mviN provides protective immunity and colonization control of Salmonella in poultry.

Current live attenuated vaccines for control of Salmonella in poultry persist in the ceca and may persist in the environment. In this paper we report the construction and characterization of the vaccine efficacy of a Salmonella mutant strain with inducible mviN expression and rapid clearance from the host. The mutant was effective in oral immunization of the broiler chicken host against a virulent Salmonella oral challenge strain, having a mean 7×10(6)CFU/g in the ceca of unvaccinated controls compared to a mean 2×10(3)CFU/g in the ceca of vaccinated chickens at 4 weeks post-challenge (6 weeks of age).

Immuno-based detection of Shiga toxin-producing pathogenic Escherichia coli in food - A review on current approaches and potential strategies for optimization.

Certain pathogenic Escherichia coli known as Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) are a public health threat to the consumer, and are problematic for the food industry. Food products containing STEC are deemed unfit for human consumption, and STEC illnesses can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a disease affecting the kidneys in susceptible individuals.

Molecular detection and differentiation of infectious bursal disease virus.

Vaccination of hens, with the subsequent maternal immunity imparted to chicks, is the primary means of controlling infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Effective vaccination depends on rapid and accurate diagnosis of the subtype present in a flock because vaccines based on the classic subtype of IBDV can fail to protect against challenge with a variant subtype. This review describes the various methods available to detect and differentiate between IBDV subtypes.

Cadmium- and iron-stress-inducible gene expression in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: evidence for H43 protein function in iron assimilation.

Early transcriptional responses of a cell wall-deficient mutant of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to heavy-metal stress have been investigated using the method of mRNA differential display. We have identified, sequenced, and quantified the induction of a number of transcripts that are up-regulated by a brief (2-h) exposure to 25 microm cadmium chloride, including one transcript which is also highly responsive to iron (Fe) deficiency. These transcripts represent both nuclear- and chloroplast-encoded genes, and include both novel genes and genes with known or suspected functions.