Electrosurgery and ultrasonics on patients with implantable cardiac devices: Evidence of side effects in the dental practice.

Objective: Implantable cardiac pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) have been introduced in the care of patients with cardiac dysrhythmias. Most dental practitioners demonstrate extreme caution when treating patients with ICDs. This paper presents a review of the available literature on these devices and how they interact with dental electrosurgery and ultrasonic device use.