Co-infecting viruses of species Bovine rhinitis B virus (Picornaviridae) and Bovine nidovirus 1 (Tobaniviridae) identified for the first time from a post-mortem respiratory sample of a sheep (Ovis aries) in Hungary.

In this study, a picornavirus and a nidovirus were identified from a single available nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) sample of a freshly deceased sheep, as the only vertebrate viruses found with viral metagenomics and next-generation sequencing methods. The sample was originated from a mixed feedlot farm in Hungary where sheep and cattle were held together but in separate stalls. Most of the sheep had respiratory signs (coughing and increased respiratory effort) at the time of sampling.

Human cases of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections in Hungary.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) is a "neglected" rodent-borne viral zoonotic disease caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) (family Arenaviridae). The aim of this retrospective clinical and laboratory study was to detect LCMV RNA, using RT-PCR, in cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from patients with central nervous system (CNS) infections of unknown aetiology from over a 12-year period in Hungary. Between 2009 and 2020, a total of 74 cerebrospinal fluid samples were tested using an in-house LCMV-specific RT-PCR-based method at the Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs.

The genomic and epidemiological investigations of enteric viruses of domestic caprine () revealed the presence of multiple novel viruses related to known strains of humans and ruminant livestock species.

Compared with other domestic animals, the virome and viral diversity of small ruminants especially in caprine are less studied even of its zoonotic potential. In this study, the enteric virome of caprine was investigated in detail using next-generation sequencing and reverse transcription PCR techniques. The complete or nearly complete genomes of seven novel viruses were determined which show a close phylogenetic relationship to known human and ruminant viruses.

Molecular epidemiology and characterization of endemic, epidemic and imported hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains in Hungary (2003-2022).

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is one of the most important etiological agents of acute viral hepatitis but comprehensive molecular epidemiological study with chrono-phylogeographical data are not available from Hungary.Between 2003 and 2022, a total of 8,307 HAV infections were registered officially in Hungary of which 400 (4.8%) HAV IgM antibody-positive serum samples were collected countrywide.

A novel mammarenavirus (family Arenaviridae) in hedgehogs (Erinaceus roumanicus) in Europe.

In this study, a novel mammarenavirus (family Arenaviridae) was identified in a hedgehog (family Erinaceidae) in Hungary and genetically characterized. Mecsek Mountains virus (MEMV, OP191655, OP191656) was detected in nine (45%) out of 20 faecal specimens collected from a Northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus). The L-segment proteins (RdRp and Z) and S-segment proteins (NP and GPC) of MEMV had 67.

High seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in South Transdanubia, Hungary (2010-2022).

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an increasingly recognized etiological agent of acute, chronic and extrahepatic human infections with primarily zoonotic origin in Europe. Limited numbers of comprehensive population-based studies are available related to HEV seroepidemiology, especially from Central Europe.The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence and trends of total and IgM antibodies against HEV in different age groups in the population of South Transdanubia, Hungary, within a thirteen years long period between the years 2010 and 2022.

A novel vesivirus (family Caliciviridae) in European badgers (Meles meles) in Hungary, 2020/2021.

In this study, a novel vesivirus (family Caliciviridae) was detected and characterized in faecal and tissue (blood and spleen) specimens collected from three (23.1%) out of 13 European badgers (Meles meles) in Hungary that were tested using RT-PCR and sequencing methods. The complete genome of the vesivirus strain European badger/B40/2021/HUN (OQ161773) is 8,375 nucleotides in length.

Unusual "Asian-origin" 2c to 2b point mutant canine parvovirus (Parvoviridae) and canine astrovirus (Astroviridae) co-infection detected in vaccinated dogs with an outbreak of severe haemorrhagic gastroenteritis with high mortality rate in Hungary.

In this study, the aetiological background of an outbreak of severe haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) in a colony of purebred Jack Russell Terriers vaccinated against CPV-2 in Hungary was investigated. Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2, Parvoviridae) and canine astrovirus (CaAstV, Astroviridae) co-infection was identified by viral metagenomics and next-generation sequencing (VM-NGS) methods from a rectal swab of an affected 7-week-old puppy. The complete coding sequence of CPV-2 strain FR1/CPV2-2021-HUN (ON733252) and the complete genome of CaAstV strain FR1/CaAstV-2021-HUN (ON733251) were determined by VM-NGS and PCR methods.

Seroprevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis A virus in the pre-vaccine era in South Transdanubia, Hungary (2010-2020).

In this study, the age-related seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection was investigated in the population in South-Transdanubia, Southwest Hungary (Central Europe) between years 2010 and 2020. Up to the age of 40, the HAV seropositivity was less than 18% in all age groups indicating a low level of HAV endemicity in this part of the country in the covered study period. The HAV seropositivity started to increase at the age group 41-45 years, reaching the ∼50% at age group 56-60, and 75-80% at age group 66-70, respectively.

Human-stool-associated tusavirus (Parvoviridae) in domestic goats and sheep.

In this study, genetic counterparts of the human-stool-associated tusavirus (subfamily Parvovirinae, family Parvoviridae) with >97% and 95-100% amino acid sequence identity in the parvoviral NS1 and VP1 protein were identified in faecal specimens from domestic goats (Capra hircus) and sheep (Ovis aries) in Hungary. Eleven (17.8%) of the 62 faecal specimens from goats and 12 (25.

Development and Large-Scale Testing of a Novel One-Step Triplex RT-qPCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of "Neurotropic" Porcine Sapeloviruses, Teschoviruses () and Type 3 Porcine Astroviruses () in Various Samples including Nasal Swabs.

Porcine sapeloviruses, teschoviruses of family and type 3 porcine astroviruses of family are (re-)emerging enteric pathogens that could be associated with severe, disseminated infections in swine, affecting multiple organs including the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, small-scale pioneer studies indicate the presence of these viruses in porcine nasal samples to various extents. The laboratory diagnostics are predominantly based on the detection of the viral RNA from faecal and tissue samples using different nucleic-acid-based techniques such as RT-qPCR.

A novel parvovirus (family Parvoviridae) in a freshwater fish, zander (Sander lucioperca).

In this study, a novel parvovirus (zander/M5/2015/HUN, OK236393) was detected in faecal specimens from a fish - zander or pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) - and genetically characterized using viral metagenomics and PCR methods. The NS1 and VP1 proteins of zander/M5/2015/HUN share <30% aa sequence identity, respectively, with the corresponding proteins of known members of the family Parvoviridae. Out of 62 faecal specimens collected from 13 freshwater fish species, three (4.

Novel picornavirus (family Picornaviridae) from freshwater fishes (Perca fluviatilis, Sander lucioperca, and Ameiurus melas) in Hungary.

In this study, a novel picornavirus (perchPV/M9/2015/HUN, GenBank accession no. MW590713) was detected in eight (12.9%) out of 62 faecal samples collected from three (Perca fluviatilis, Sander lucioperca, and Ameiurus melas) out of 13 freshwater fish species tested and genetically characterized using viral metagenomics and RT-PCR methods.

Genome characterization, prevalence and tissue distribution of astrovirus, hepevirus and norovirus among wild and laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) and mice (Mus musculus) in Hungary.

Rodents including rats are reservoir of several pathogens capable of affecting human health. In this study, faecal and different organ specimens from free-living Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) (N = 18) and faecal samples from laboratory rodents (rats N = 21 and mice N = 20) collected from different geographic areas in Hungary between 2017 and 2020 were investigated by viral metagenomics and conventional RT-PCR methods. The complete genome of three different RNA viruses, rat astrovirus, rat norovirus and rat hepevirus were characterized and analysed in detail.

Multiple Types of Novel Enteric Bopiviruses () with the Possibility of Interspecies Transmission Identified from Cloven-Hoofed Domestic Livestock (Ovine, Caprine and Bovine) in Hungary.

Most picornaviruses of the family are relatively well known, but there are certain "neglected" genera like , containing a single uncharacterised sequence (bopivirus A1, KM589358) with very limited background information. In this study, three novel picornaviruses provisionally called ovipi-, gopi- and bopivirus/Hun (MW298057-MW298059) from enteric samples of asymptomatic ovine, caprine and bovine respectively, were determined using RT-PCR and dye-terminator sequencing techniques. These monophyletic viruses share the same type II-like IRES, NPGP-type 2A, similar genome layout (4-3-4) and -localisations.

Detection and genetic characterization of a novel parvovirus (family Parvoviridae) in barn owls (Tyto alba) in Hungary.

In this study, a novel parvovirus (gyb-MR02/2015/HUN, MT580795) was detected in barn owls (Tyto alba) and genetically characterized using viral metagenomics and PCR methods. The NS1 and VP1 proteins of gyb-MR02/2015/HUN share only 45.4% and 50.

Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Rats: Evident Risk of Species to Human Zoonotic Infection and Disease.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) (family ) is one of the most common human pathogens, causing acute hepatitis and an increasingly recognized etiological agent in chronic hepatitis and extrahepatic manifestations. Recent studies reported that not only are the classical members of the species (HEV-A) pathogenic to humans but a genetically highly divergent rat origin hepevirus (HEV-C1) in species (HEV-C) is also able to cause zoonotic infection and symptomatic disease (hepatitis) in humans. This review summarizes the current knowledge of hepeviruses in rodents with special focus of rat origin HEV-C1.

High prevalence, genetic diversity and a potentially novel genotype of Sapelovirus A () in enteric and respiratory samples in Hungarian swine farms.

All of the known porcine sapeloviruses (PSVs) currently belong to a single genotype in the genus (family ). Here, the complete genome of a second, possibly recombinant, genotype of PSV strain SZ1M-F/PSV/HUN2013 (MN807752) from a faecal sample of a paraplegic pig in Hungary was characterized using viral metagenomics and RT-PCR. This sapelovirus strain showed only 64 % nucleotide identity in the VP1 region to its closest PSV-1 relative.

Detection and complete genome characterization of a novel RNA virus related to members of the Hepe-Virga clade in bird species, hoopoe (Upupa epops).

Using viral metagenomics, next-generation sequencing and RT-PCR techniques a genetically divergent hepevirus-like RNA virus was identified and characterized from a faecal sample of wild bird species, hoopoe (Upupa epops) in Hungary. The complete viral genome sequence of hoopoe/BBanka01/2015/HUN (GenBank accession number MN852439) is 7052 nt long including a 54-nt 5' and an 18-nt 3' non-coding region without poly(A)-tail. Sequence analysis indicated that the hoopoe/BBanka01/2015/HUN genome has potentially three overlapping open reading frames (ORFs).

Four-year long (2014-2017) clinical and laboratory surveillance of hepatitis E virus infections using combined antibody, molecular, antigen and avidity detection methods: Increasing incidence and chronic HEV case in Hungary.

Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a pathogen of viral hepatitis. Since 2006, the number of reported HEV cases has ten-fold increase in Hungary.

Objectives: The aim of this clinical and laboratory surveillance study was to analyse and confirm HEV IgM-positive sera with different methods in four consecutive years (2014-2017) in Hungary.

Analysis of a novel RNA virus in a wild northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus).

Tombusviruses are generally considered plant viruses. A novel tombus-/carmotetravirus-like RNA virus was identified in a faecal sample and blood and muscle tissues from a wild northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus). The complete genome of the virus, called H14-hedgehog/2015/HUN (GenBank accession number MN044446), is 4,118 nucleotides in length with a readthrough stop codon of type/group 1 in ORF1 and lacks a poly(A) tract at the 3' end.

Characterization of an integrated, endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus-like (MMTV) betaretrovirus genome in a black Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus).

Retroviruses (family Retroviridae) are important agents of humans and animals. This study reports the detection and complete genome characterization of a novel endogenous retrovirus from the black Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) with a squamous cell skin tumor. The proviral genome, tentatively named black Syrian hamster retrovirus (BSHRV/2013/HUN, MK304634), was 8784 nucleotide in length with typical full-length betaretrovirus genome organization of 5'LTR-gag-pro-pol-env-3'LTR and with a characteristic mouse mammary tumor virus-like (MMTV) betaretrovirus dUTPase domain but without a sag gene.