Changes in pressure distribution of the solar surface after a single trimming event are associated with external hoof measurements in the equine fore foot.

Background: Trimming is critical for a functioning equine hoof. Pressure distribution provides information on loading; however, information on the effects of trimming on pressure distribution is lacking.

Objectives: To describe the pressure changes of equine fore feet following trimming.

Use of wound infusion catheters for delivery of local anesthetic following standing partial ostectomy of thoracolumbar vertebral spinous processes in horses is not associated with increased surgical site infections.

Background: Wound infusion catheters (WICs) have been used in humans and some veterinary species for post-operative local anesthetic administration following a variety of surgical procedures, aiming to reduce post-operative analgesia requirements and improve patient comfort. Benefit in reduction in pain, post-operative analgesia requirements and length of hospital stay are well documented in humans, but use of WICs may not have been widely adopted in veterinary species due to the concern of increased complications, such as dehiscence or surgical site infection (SSI), creating a barrier to their use. This study aimed to evaluate the use of WICs in horses undergoing standing partial ostectomy surgeries, document complications and investigate if the incidence of SSI was equivalent between those horses that did and did not have a WIC.

Arterial Blood Gas, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Values as Diagnostic and Prognostic Indicators in Equine Colic.

The study aimed to investigate if arterial blood analysis in conscious horses presenting with signs of colic and breathing ambient air had diagnostic or prognostic value. Arterial blood samples from 352 horses presenting with colic at a university equine referral hospital were analysed for pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO), concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), ionised calcium (Ca) and chloride (Cl), actual and standardised plasma bicarbonate concentration (HCO (P) and HCO (P, st)), blood and extracellular fluid base excess (Base (B) and Base (ecf)) and anion gap (AG). Results were compared to previously reported values for healthy horses, and comparisons were made between final diagnosis, treatment and survival to hospital discharge.

Histological Evaluation of Resected Tissue as a Predictor of Survival in Horses with Strangulating Small Intestinal Disease.

Strangulating small intestinal disease (SSID) in horses carries a poor prognosis for survival, especially following resection of ischaemic tissue. The margins of a resection are principally based on visual appraisal of the intestine during surgery. We hypothesized that histological evaluation of resected tissue may identify occult changes indicative of prognosis.

Double blind trial of a deuterated form of linoleic acid (RT001) in Friedreich ataxia.

Objectives: Friedreich ataxia is (FRDA) an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder associated with intrinsic oxidative damage, suggesting that decreasing lipid peroxidation (LPO) might ameliorate disease progression. The present study tested the ability of RT001, a deuterated form of linoleic acid (D2-LA), to alter disease severity in patients with FRDA in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Methods: Sixty-five subjects were recruited across six sites and received either placebo or active drug for an 11-month study.

An expanded access protocol of RT001 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-Initial experience with a lipid peroxidation inhibitor.

Introduction/aims: Lipid peroxidation is thought to play a biologically important role in motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). 11,11 Di-deuterated linoleic ethyl ester (RT001) prevents lipid peroxidation in cellular and mitochondrial membranes. Herein we report on the use of RT001 under expanded access (EA).

Mouse microRNA signatures in joint ageing and post-traumatic osteoarthritis.

Objective: This study investigated mice serum and joint microRNA expression profiles in ageing and osteoarthritis to elucidate the role of microRNAs in the development and progression of disease, and provide biomarkers for ageing and osteoarthritis.

Design: Whole joints and serum samples were collected from C57BL6/J male mice and subjected to small RNA sequencing. Groups used included; surgically-induced post-traumatic osteoarthritis, (DMM; 24 months-old); sham surgery (24 months-old); old mice (18 months-old); and young mice (8 months-old).

Neurovascular variations in the proximal plantar metatarsal region of the horse.

Background: Neurovascular variation may be relevant when performing surgical techniques to the proximal plantar metatarsal region.

Objectives: To document variations in the neurovascular anatomy of the proximal plantar metatarsal region and study the relationship of the neurovascular components to each other and other structures located in this area.

Study Design: Descriptive anatomical study.

RT001 in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy-Clinical and In-Vitro Observations.

Background: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a progressive movement disorder associated with lipid peroxidation and intracerebral accumulation of tau. RT001 is a deuterium reinforced isotopologue of linoleic acid that prevents lipid peroxidation (LPO) through the kinetic isotope effect.

Methods: The effects of RT001 pre-treatment on various oxidative and bioenergetic parameters were evaluated in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from patients with PSP compared to controls.

CT more accurately detects foreign bodies within the equine foot than MRI or digital radiography.

Identification and characterization of foreign bodies in the distal limb of horses poses a diagnostic challenge. The aims of this prospective experimental cadaver study were to describe the appearance of five foreign body materials within the equine hoof using CT, MRI, and digital radiography (DR) and to compare interrater agreement among three reviewers. Fifty foreign bodies consisting of five materials were implanted at a solar location or a coronary location in 25 equine cadaver feet.

Epidural administration of opioid analgesics improves quality of recovery in horses anaesthetised for treatment of hindlimb synovial sepsis.

Background: Opioid epidural analgesia has been shown to provide effective analgesia in horses. There is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of opioid epidural analgesia on quality of recovery in horses.

Objectives: Identify whether opioid epidural analgesia influences quality of recovery in horses undergoing general anaesthesia required for management of hindlimb synovial sepsis.

The infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy rating scale (INAD-RS).

Background: INAD is an autosomal recessive neurogenetic disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in PLA2G6. The downstream enzyme, iPLA, plays a critical role in cell membrane homeostasis by helping to regulate levels of phospholipids. The clinical presentation occurs between 6 months and 3 years with global developmental regression, hypotonia, and progressive spastic tetraparesis.

Treatment of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy with RT001: A di-deuterated ethyl ester of linoleic acid: Report of two cases.

Background: Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is a rare, autosomal recessive disease due to defects in and is associated with lipid peroxidation. RT001 is a di-deuterated form of linoleic acid that protects lipids from oxidative damage.

Methods: We evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and effectiveness of RT001 in two subjects with INAD (subject 1: 34 months; subject 2: 10 months).

Post-traumatic osteoarthritis development is not modified by postnatal chondrocyte deletion of .

CCN2 is a matricellular protein involved in several crucial biological processes. In particular, CCN2 is involved in cartilage development and in osteoarthritis. null mice exhibit a range of skeletal dysmorphisms, highlighting its importance in regulating matrix formation during development; however, its role in adult cartilage remains unclear.

The natural history of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy.

Background: Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder of early onset causing premature death. It results from biallelic pathogenic variants in PLA2G6, which encodes a calcium-independent phospholipase A2.

Objective: We aim to outline the natural history of INAD and provide a comprehensive description of its clinical, radiological, laboratory, and molecular findings.

Pharmacokinetics of Tecarfarin and Warfarin in Patients with Severe Chronic Kidney Disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicates warfarin anticoagulation partially through its effect on CYP2C9 activity. Tecarfarin, a novel vitamin K antagonist, is not metabolized by CYP2C9. To evaluate the effect of CKD on their metabolism, we measured PK parameters of warfarin and tecarfarin in subjects with and without CKD.

Serum snoRNAs as biomarkers for joint ageing and post traumatic osteoarthritis.

The development of effective treatments for the age-related disease osteoarthritis and the ability to predict disease progression has been hampered by the lack of biomarkers able to demonstrate the course of the disease. Profiling the expression patterns of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) in joint ageing and OA may provide diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This study determined expression patterns of snoRNAs in joint ageing and OA and examined them as potential biomarkers.

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tecarfarin, a novel vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant.

Tecarfarin is a vitamin K antagonist (VKA) with reduced propensity for drug interactions. To evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and safety of tecarfarin, we performed single ascending dose (SAD) (n=66), multiple ascending dose (MAD) (n=43), and tecarfarin versus warfarin (n=28) studies in human volunteers. In the SAD, tecarfarin was administered to 5 of 6 subjects (1 received placebo) in each of 11 cohorts.

A randomised, double blind comparison of tecarfarin, a novel vitamin K antagonist, with warfarin. The EmbraceAC Trial.

Tecarfarin is a novel vitamin K antagonist that is metabolised by carboxyl estererase, thereby eliminating the variability associated with cytochrome-mediated metabolism. EmbraceAC was designed to compare the quality of anticoagulation with tecarfarin and warfarin as determined by time in therapeutic range (TTR). In this phase 2/3 randomised and blinded trial, 607 patients with indications for chronic anticoagulation were assigned to warfarin (n=304) or tecarfarin (n=303).

Resveratrol and N-acetylcysteine influence redox balance in equine articular chondrocytes under acidic and very low oxygen conditions.

Mature articular cartilage is an avascular tissue characterized by a low oxygen environment. In joint disease, acidosis and further reductions in oxygen levels occur, compromising cartilage integrity.This study investigated how acidosis and very low oxygen levels affect components of the cellular redox system in equine articular chondrocytesand whether the antioxidants resveratrol and N-acetylcysteine could modulate this system.

Use of immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy to aid in diagnosis of soft tissue sarcomas associated with the fetlock joint in two horses.

Soft tissue sarcomas of the equine distal limb associated with joints, sheaths, or bursae have rarely been reported. Accurate diagnosis of these tumors is challenging in both human beings and veterinary species. Immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy have been used in human beings to reduce misdiagnosis.