The Distribution Volume of F-Albumin as a Potential Biomarker of Antiangiogenic Treatment Efficacy.

F-albumin, a vascular imaging agent, may have potential to assess tumor responses to anti-angiogenic therapies. In these studies tumor distribution volume of F-albumin were first determined in various human tumor xenografts from biodistribtuion measurments and then one of the tumor type was used to evaluate changes in F-albumin uptake in anti-angiognic tumor model. F-albumin was synthesized via conjugation of 6-[F]fluoronicotinic acid-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl ester, [F]F-Py-TFP, with rat albumin.

Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Expressing Bladder Cancer Using Combination Photoimmunotherapy (PIT).

Bladder cancer (BC) is heterogeneous and expresses various cell surface targets. Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) involves monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) conjugated to a photoabsorber (PA), IR Dye 700Dx, and then activated by near infra-red light (NIR) to specifically target tumors. We have demonstrated that tumors expressing EGFR can be targeted with PIT.

PET imaging in renal cancer.

Purpose Of Review: Worldwide, over 400 000 new cases of kidney cancer were diagnosed and over 175 000 deaths anticipated in 2018. It is ranked as the 14th most common cancer in women and 9th most common in men. Imaging is important for initial detection, staging, and monitoring to assist treatment planning, but conventional anatomic imaging is limited.

A comparison of prostate cancer bone metastases on F-Sodium Fluoride and Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (F-PSMA) PET/CT: Discordant uptake in the same lesion.

Purpose: Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) PET/CT has been introduced as a sensitive method for characterizing metastatic prostate cancer. The purpose of this study is to compare the spatial concordance of F-NaF PET/CT and F-PSMA-targeted PET/CT within prostate cancer bone metastases.

Methods: Prostate cancer patients with known bone metastases underwent PSMA-targeted PET/CT (F-DCFBC or F-DCFPyL) and F-NaF PET/CT.

Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Lesion Detection and Local Staging.

Dramatic changes in the use of prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have occurred in the last decade. The recognition that MRI detects and localizes cancers with reasonable accuracy led to the development of directed biopsies. These image-guided biopsies have a higher sensitivity for clinically significant cancers and a lower sensitivity for indolent disease.

Host Immunity Following Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy Is Enhanced with PD-1 Checkpoint Blockade to Eradicate Established Antigenic Tumors.

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) induces immunogenic cell death but has mostly failed to induce durable antitumor responses in syngenic tumor mouse models. We hypothesized that adaptive immune resistance could be limiting durable responses after treatmemt with NIR-PIT. We investigated the effects of combining NIR-PIT targeting cell-surface CD44 and PD-1 blockade in multiple syngeneic tumor models.

A Grading System for the Assessment of Risk of Extraprostatic Extension of Prostate Cancer at Multiparametric MRI.

Purpose To evaluate MRI features associated with pathologically defined extraprostatic extension (EPE) of prostate cancer and to propose an MRI grading system for pathologic EPE. Materials and Methods In this prospective study, consecutive male study participants underwent preoperative 3.0-T MRI from June 2007 to March 2017 followed by robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

Predicting Gleason Group Progression for Men on Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance: Role of a Negative Confirmatory Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy.

Purpose: Active surveillance has gained acceptance as an alternative to definitive therapy in many men with prostate cancer. Confirmatory biopsies to assess the appropriateness of active surveillance are routinely performed and negative biopsies are regarded as a favorable prognostic indicator. We sought to determine the prognostic implications of negative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound guided fusion biopsy consisting of extended sextant, systematic biopsy plus multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging guided targeted biopsy of suspicious lesions on magnetic resonance imaging.

Intra- and interreader reproducibility of PI-RADSv2: A multireader study.

Background: The Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADSv2) has been in use since 2015; while interreader reproducibility has been studied, there has been a paucity of studies investigating the intrareader reproducibility of PI-RADSv2.

Purpose: To evaluate both intra- and interreader reproducibility of PI-RADSv2 in the assessment of intraprostatic lesions using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI).

Study Type: Retrospective.

Photoinduced Ligand Release from a Silicon Phthalocyanine Dye Conjugated with Monoclonal Antibodies: A Mechanism of Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity after Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy.

Photochemical reactions can dramatically alter physical characteristics of reacted molecules. In this study, we demonstrate that near-infrared (NIR) light induces an axial ligand-releasing reaction, which dramatically alters hydrophilicity of a silicon phthalocyanine derivative (IR700) dye leading to a change in the shape of the conjugate and its propensity to aggregate in aqueous solution. This photochemical reaction is proposed as a major mechanism of cell death induced by NIR photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT), which was recently developed as a molecularly targeted cancer therapy.

Bone marrow cell homing to sites of acute tibial fracture: Zr-oxine cell labeling with positron emission tomographic imaging in a mouse model.

Background: Bone fracture healing is dependent upon the rapid migration and engraftment of bone marrow (BM) progenitor and stem cells to the site of injury. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 plays a crucial role in recruiting BM cells expressing its receptor CXCR4. Recently, a CXCR4 antagonist, plerixafor, has been used to mobilize BM cells into the blood in efforts to enhance cell migration to sites of injury presumably improving healing.

Pitfalls on sample preparation for imaging of resected cancer tissue using enzyme-activatable fluorescent probes.

and fluorescence imaging-assisted surgery can aid in determining the margins of tumors during surgical resection. While a variety of fluorescent probes have been proposed for this task, small molecule enzyme-activatable fluorescent probes are ideal for this application. They are quickly activated at tumor sites and result in bright signal with little background, resulting in high sensitivity.

Activatable Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Using PEGylated Bacteriochlorin-Based Chlorin and BODIPY-Dyads as Probes for Detecting Cancer.

Near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are attractive tools for biomedical in vivo imaging due to the relatively deeper tissue penetration and lower background autofluorescence. Activatable probes are turned on only after binding to their target, further improving target to background ratios. However, the number of available activatable NIR probes is limited.

Sentinel lymph node imaging in urologic oncology.

Lymph node (LN) metastases in urological malignancies correlate with poor oncological outcomes. Accurate LN staging is of great importance since patients can benefit from an optimal staging, accordingly aligned therapy and more radical treatments. Current conventional cross-sectional imaging modalities [e.

Keeping up with the prostate-specific membrane antigens (PSMAs): an introduction to a new class of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeted positron emission tomography (PET) is an emerging prostate cancer imaging method, which has been reported to have a higher sensitivity and specificity than the currently approved PET imaging agents. Multiple PSMA ligands are being investigated around the world and applications range from primary tumor characterization, to local staging, biochemical recurrence, metastasis, and image-guided interventions. The most investigated PET tracers are labelled with 68-Gallium or 18-Fluoride and are discussed in this review.

Quantification of bone flare on F-NaF PET/CT in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Background: Bone flare has been observed on Tc-MDP bone scans of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). This exploratory study investigates bone flare in mCRPC patients receiving androgen receptor (AR) inhibitors using F-NaF PET/CT.

Methods: Twenty-nine mCRPC patients undergoing AR-inhibiting therapy (abiraterone, orteronel, enzalutamide) received NaF PET/CT scans at baseline, week 6, and week 12 of treatment.

Biodistribution, Tumor Detection, and Radiation Dosimetry of F-5-Fluoro-2'-Deoxycytidine with Tetrahydrouridine in Solid Tumors.

In preclinical studies, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FdCyd), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase and DNA hypermethylation, has shown treatment efficacy against multiple malignancies by suppressing epigenetic hypermethylation in tumor cells. Several ongoing clinical trials are using FdCyd, and although some patients may respond to this drug, in most patients it is ineffective. Thus, establishing a noninvasive imaging modality to evaluate the distribution of the drug may provide insight into the variable responses.

Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents for lymph node staging of high-risk prostate cancer.

Ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIOs) imaged with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been proposed as an experimental method for visualizing lymph node (LN) metastases. The method does not require ionizing radiation, yet can detect small nodes that are involved with metastases. USPIOs are naturally taken up by macrophages that deposit in the normal LN creating a low signal region in normal areas; areas within the node that do not show this loss of signal are likely involved by tumor although there can be other causes (fibrosis or inflammation).

Correction: Screening of cancer tissue arrays identifies CXCR4 on adrenocortical carcinoma: correlates with expression and quantification on metastases using Cu-plerixafor PET.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19945.

Can computer-aided diagnosis assist in the identification of prostate cancer on prostate MRI? a multi-center, multi-reader investigation.

For prostate cancer detection on prostate multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADSv2) and computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems aim to widely improve standardization across radiologists and centers. Our goal was to evaluate CAD assistance in prostate cancer detection compared with conventional mpMRI interpretation in a diverse dataset acquired from five institutions tested by nine readers of varying experience levels, in total representing 14 globally spread institutions. Index lesion sensitivities of mpMRI-alone were 79% (whole prostate (WP)), 84% (peripheral zone (PZ)), 71% (transition zone (TZ)), similar to CAD at 76% (WP, p=0.

Near infrared photoimmunotherapy using a fiber optic diffuser for treating peritoneal gastric cancer dissemination.

Background: Peritoneal dissemination (PD) of abdominal malignancies is a common form of metastasis and its presence signals a poor prognosis. New treatment is required for patients with PD. Near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a highly selective tumor treatment that employs an antibody-photo-absorber conjugate (APC).

Deep dense multi-path neural network for prostate segmentation in magnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose: We propose an approach of 3D convolutional neural network to segment the prostate in MR images.

Methods: A 3D deep dense multi-path convolutional neural network that follows the framework of the encoder-decoder design is proposed. The encoder is built based upon densely connected layers that learn the high-level feature representation of the prostate.

Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in Primary and Recurrent Prostate Carcinoma: Implications for Radiotherapeutic Management in 121 Patients.

The present study analyzed the impact of Gallium-68 (Ga)-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen-HBED-CC (Ga-PSMA-11) positron-emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) on radiotherapeutic management in a large cohort of men with primary or recurrent disease. This study investigated 121 men with carcinoma of the prostate who underwent Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT as well as conventional imaging. 50 patients were treatment naive, 11 had persistent prostate-specific antigen (PSA) soon after surgery and 60 presented with recurrent PSA following definitive therapy.

Comparison of Elastic and Rigid Registration during Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Ultrasound Fusion-Guided Prostate Biopsy: A Multi-Operator Phantom Study.

Purpose: The relative value of rigid or elastic registration during magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound fusion guided prostate biopsy has been poorly studied. We compared registration errors (the distance between a region of interest and fiducial markers) between rigid and elastic registration during fusion guided prostate biopsy using a prostate phantom model.

Materials And Methods: Four gold fiducial markers visible on magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound were placed throughout 1 phantom prostate model.