Charcot's international visitors and pupils from Europe, the United States, and Russia.

The foundation by (1825-1893) of the Salpêtrière School in Paris had an influential role in the development of neurology during the late-nineteenth century. The international aura of Charcot attracted neurologists from all parts of the world. We here present the most representative European, American, and Russian young physicians who learned from Charcot during their tutoring or visit in Paris or Charcot's travels outside France.

The stone of madness: Charcot's interest in a copy after Pieter Bruegel Sr. as referred to by Henry Meige.

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) is known to have possessed interesting works of art, e.g. Jan Steen's .

History of migraine.

Migraine symptoms were described in ancient Babylonia, and supernatural forces were felt to play a role in etiology and treatment. This changed in the Greco-Roman period, when the (dis)balance of humors was considered in (patho)physiology and treatment based on this. Aretaeus distinguished between cephalalgia, cephalea, and heterocrania.

Berlin Bowel Bothers: Might Adolf Hitler's Gut Problems Have Been Parkinson-Related?

It has been argued that Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) had Parkinson's disease. He also experienced several gastrointestinal symptoms, for which various explanations have been sought, both contemporaneously and by later authors. In this Historical Note, a possible relationship between Hitler's Parkinson's disease and his gastrointestinal symptoms is explored.

Neuropathological images in the great pathology atlases.

In the period between Morgagni's (1761) and Cruveilhier's (1829-1842), six pathology atlases were published, in which neuropathological subjects were discussed and depicted. It was a period of transition in medical, technical, and publishing areas. The first three (by Matthew Baillie, Robert Hooper, and Richard Bright) were mainly atlases derived from pathological museum specimens.

Ada Potter and her microscopical neuroanatomy atlases.

In his (1947), Dutch neuropsychiatrist Cornelis Winkler mentioned his colleague Ada Potter, who made many of the neuroanatomic drawings in his publications. She also made two microscopical brain atlases (of a rabbit and a cat) and participated in endeavors to publish a human brain atlas. Born on East Java (Dutch East Indies), Potter received her M.

On the Threshold of Scientific Medicine: Gerard van Swieten and His Perception of the Pathophysiology in Traumatic Brain Injury.

Gerard van Swieten (1700-1772), famous pupil of Professor Herman Boerhaave (1668-1738) of Leiden University and personal physician of Austrian Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa (1717-1780). Herman Boerhaave was a renowned Dutch physician inside and outside Europe in the 18th century. He was not only appointed professor in medicine, chemistry, and botany but also a chancellor of the Leiden University in 1714 and published his well-known Aphorismi de cognoscendis et curandis morbis in 1709.

The Two Faces of Wheat.

Wheat-based foods have been staple foods since about 10,000 years and constitute a major source of energy, dietary fiber, and micronutrients for the world population. The role of wheat in our diet, however, has recently been scrutinized by pseudoscientific books and media reports promoting the overall impression that wheat consumption makes people sick, stupid, fat, and addicted. Consequently, numerous consumers in Western countries have started to question their dietary habits related to wheat consumption and voluntarily decided to adopt a wheat-free diet without a medical diagnosis of any wheat-related disorder (WRD), such as celiac disease, wheat allergy, or non-celiac gluten sensitivity.

Comparative quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of 13 amylase/trypsin inhibitors in ancient and modern Triticum species.

Amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) are major wheat allergens and they are also implicated in causing non-celiac gluten sensitivity and worsening other inflammatory conditions. With only few studies on ATI contents in different Triticum species available so far, we developed a targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method based on stable isotope dilution assays to quantitate the 13 most important ATIs in a well-defined sample set of eight cultivars of common wheat and durum wheat (modern species), as well as spelt, emmer and einkorn (ancient species) grown at three locations in Germany, respectively. Only few ATIs with low contents were detected in einkorn.

Myelography and the 20th Century Localization of Spinal Cord Lesions.

In this article, we commemorate the centenary of myelography, a neuroradiological procedure that, despite certain disadvantages, significantly contributed to the diagnosis and localization of spinal cord lesions during the 20th century. From the start, the use of myelography was characterized by different views regarding the potential dangers associated with the prolonged exposure of a "foreign body" to the central nervous system. Such differences in attitude resulted in divergent myelography practices; its precise indications, technical performance, and adopted contrast material remaining subject to variability until the procedure were eventually replaced by MRI at the close of the 20th century.

Worth Their Salt: One Hundred Years of Hyperosmolar Therapy.

In this article, we commemorate the centenary of the discovery and clinical implementation of hyperosmolar therapy for the treatment of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Following the pioneering work of anatomists Weed and McKibben in 1919, the use of hypertonic solutions was soon adopted into clinical practice, even though the preferred hypertonic agent, route of administration, and ideas regarding the physiological mechanism by which it reduced ICP diverged. These divergent conceptions and practices have continued to surround the use of hyperosmolar therapy into present times.

Further Steps Toward the Development of Gluten Reference Materials - Wheat Flours or Protein Isolates?

Celiac disease is a gluten-induced hypersensitivity reaction that requires a lifelong gluten-free diet. Gluten-free foods must not contain more than 20 mg/kg gluten as laid down by Codex Alimentarius. Measuring the presence of gluten with routine immunoanalytical methods in food is a serious challenge as many factors affect accurate determination.

Neurosyphilis Mimicking Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Neurosyphilis may imitate a wide range of neurological and psychiatric diseases, including autoimmune encephalitis. To avoid further cognitive decline and morbidity, early recognition and adequate treatment are of particular importance in both neurosyphilis and autoimmune encephalitis. In case of a strong clinical suspicion of a diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis, guidelines recommend initiating immunotherapy even in the absence of immunological confirmation.

Recent Progress and Recommendations on Celiac Disease From the Working Group on Prolamin Analysis and Toxicity.

Celiac disease (CD) affects a growing number of individuals worldwide. To elucidate the causes for this increase, future multidisciplinary collaboration is key to understanding the interactions between immunoreactive components in gluten-containing cereals and the human gastrointestinal tract and immune system and to devise strategies for CD prevention and treatment beyond the gluten-free diet. During the last meetings, the Working Group on Prolamin Analysis and Toxicity (Prolamin Working Group, PWG) discussed recent progress in the field together with key stakeholders from celiac disease societies, academia, industry and regulatory bodies.

The Origin of the Idea That Herpes Labialis Is of Prognostic Importance in Bacterial Meningitis.

Objective: The aim of the work was to study the origin of the idea that herpes labialis (HL) in patients with pneumonia and meningitis was believed to be of prognostic importance.

Background: HL is caused by a primary infection or reactivation of herpes simplex type I. In the past, it has been related to pneumonia and meningitis; moreover, HL was believed to be of prognostic importance.

Characterisation and comparison of selected wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and their blends to develop a gluten reference material.

The reliability and comparability of gluten analytical results in gluten-free foods is hampered by the lack of reference materials (RM). This is partly caused by the yet incomplete knowledge of the effect of genetic and environmental variability of wheat proteins on immunochemical analyses, which affects the choice of gluten source to be applied for RM production. We investigated the genetic variability and the effect of harvest year on the protein composition of five previously selected wheat cultivars.

Adolf Meyer: the neuroanatomist and neuropsychiatrist behind Meyer's loop and its significance in neurosurgery.

Psychiatrist Adolf Meyer’s work as a neuroanatomist is less well-known among the medical community. Using manuscripts by Harvey Cushing and by Meyer himself, Schijns and Koehler explore how Meyer’s anatomical studies enabled him to describe the temporal loop of the optic radiation, known today as ‘Meyer’s loop’.

EMR + with the AWC improves endoscopic resection speed compared to ESD: a porcine ex-vivo pilot study.

Introduction: To improve resection speed and to reach higher en bloc resection rates in lesions ≥ 2 cm, a novel grasp and snare EMR technique termed "EMR+", accomplished by an additional working channel (AWC), was developed. Its use compared to endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is evaluated for the first time.

Material And Methods: We prospectively conducted a randomized pre-clinical ex-vivo pilot study in explanted porcine stomachs for the comparison of EMR + with classical ESD of mucosal-based lesions.

Comparative Study on Gluten Protein Composition of Ancient (Einkorn, Emmer and Spelt) and Modern Wheat Species (Durum and Common Wheat).

The spectrophotometric Bradford assay was adapted for the analysis of gluten protein contents (gliadins and glutenins) of spelt, durum wheat, emmer and einkorn. The assay was applied to a set of 300 samples, including 15 cultivars each of common wheat, spelt, durum wheat, emmer and einkorn cultivated at four locations in Germany in the same year. The total protein content was equally influenced by location and wheat species, however, gliadin, glutenin and gluten contents were influenced more strongly by wheat species than location.

Quantitative Analyses of Key Odorants and Their Precursors Reveal Differences in the Aroma of Gluten-Free Rice Bread and Wheat Bread.

Rice flour is one of the most important raw materials in gluten-free products. However, the aroma of gluten-free rice bread is less accepted by consumers than that of commercial wheat bread. Therefore, 18 selected aroma compounds were determined in rice and wheat breads by stable isotope dilution assays (SIDA) to elucidate differences in the sensory characteristics, concentrations, and odor activity values (OAVs).