Development and content validation of a questionnaire to assess the social determinants of mental health in clinical practice.

Introduction: There is growing consensus that consideration of the Social Determinants of Mental Health should be at the centre of mental health care provision. To facilitate this, a validated means to assess mental health service users' social contextual information is arguably needed. We therefore developed a questionnaire to assess the Social Determinants of Mental Health in clinical practice.

Applying the theory of planned behaviour to understand mental health professionals' intentions to work using a human rights-based approach in acute inpatient settings.

Background: There has been a shift to implement human rights-based approaches in acute mental health care due to increasing concerns around quality of care. National Health Service (NHS) Trusts have a legal duty to uphold a person's human rights, therefore it is important to understand what any barriers might be. Using psychological theory may help to develop this understanding.

'Picture imperfect': the motives and uses of patient photography in the asylum.

In the nineteenth century, photography became common in psychiatric asylums. Although patient photographs were produced in large numbers, their original purpose and use are unclear. Journals, newspaper archives and Medical Superintendents' notes from the period 1845-1920 were analysed to understand the reasons behind the practice.

'Finally, I could breathe': the utility and impact of a diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder.

Background: The diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterised by intrusive thoughts leading to compulsions to alleviate anxiety. However, research is lacking on impact post-diagnosis. Some research suggests diagnosis may benefit treatment access, but potentially leads to higher levels of stigma and altered self-identity.

Is cognitive behaviour therapy applicable to individuals diagnosed with bipolar depression or suboptimal mood stabilizer treatment: a secondary analysis of a large pragmatic effectiveness trial.

Background: Efficacy trials of medications and/or psychological interventions for bipolar disorders (BD) aim to recruit homogenous samples of patients who are euthymic and such populations show high levels of adherence to the treatments offered. This study describes a secondary analysis of a large-scale multi-centre pragmatic effectiveness randomized controlled trial (RCT) of cognitive behaviour therapy plus treatment as usual (CBT) or treatment as usual alone (TAU) and explores outcomes in individuals who were: (i) recruited in depressive episodes, or (ii) receiving suboptimal doses of or no mood stabilizers (MS).

Methods: Data were extract on two separate subsamples (out of 253 RCT participants).

A Scoping Review and Narrative Synthesis Comparing the Constructs of Social Determinants of Health and Social Determinants of Mental Health: Matryoshka or Two Independent Constructs?

Background: Many health research policies invoke the construct of Social Determinants of Health, and more recently the construct of Social Determinants of Mental Health. While frequently referred to in the literature, it is unclear how these constructs relate to each other. Some commentators conceptualise the Determinants of Mental Health as a subgroup of the Determinants of general Health and others describe the Determinants of Mental Health as an autonomous construct.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The 'rhetorical concession': a linguistic analysis of debates and arguments in mental health.

We, the editors and publisher of , have retracted the following article: Garner, B., Kinderman, P., & Davis, P.

Minimal use of ICD social determinant or phenomenological codes in mental health care records.

Background: We have previously argued that psychiatric diagnosis, by focusing on pathology, minimises the role of psychosocial factors. Despite suggestions that traditional diagnosis is the only way to access treatment services, we have recommended standardised use of existing codes for possible social determinants and precise description of psychological phenomena.

Aims: This study examines the current use of social determinant and phenomenological codes in mental health care records.

How did mental health become so biomedical? The progressive erosion of social determinants in historical psychiatric admission registers.

This paper explores the historical developments of admission registers of psychiatric asylums and hospitals in England and Wales between 1845 and 1950, with illustrative examples (principally from the archives of the Rainhill Asylum, UK). Standardized admission registers have been mandatory elements of the mental health legislative framework since 1845, and procedural changes illustrate the development from what, today, we would characterize as a predominantly psychosocial understanding of mental health problems towards primarily biomedical explanations. Over time, emphasis shifts from the social determinants of admission to an asylum to the diagnosis of an illness requiring treatment in hospital.

The impact of financial hardship in childhood on depression and anxiety in adult life: Testing the accumulation, critical period and social mobility hypotheses.

This paper examines the association between financial hardship in childhood and adulthood, and depression and anxiety in adulthood with reference to the accumulation, critical period and social mobility hypotheses in lifecourse epidemiology. Using the BBC Stress test, linear regression models were used to investigate the associations for the whole population and stratifying by gender and adjusting for age and highest education attainment. The critical period hypothesis was not confirmed.

The impact of childhood socioeconomic status on depression and anxiety in adult life: Testing the accumulation, critical period and social mobility hypotheses.

This paper examines the association between financial hardship in childhood and adulthood, and depression and anxiety in adulthood with reference to the accumulation, critical period and social mobility hypotheses in lifecourse epidemiology. Using the BBC Stress test, linear regression models were used to investigate the associations for the whole population and stratifying by sex and adjusting for age and highest education attainment. The critical period hypothesis was not confirmed.

The use of diagnoses in mental health service eligibility and exclusion criteria.

Background: Diagnoses are controversial but ubiquitous in mental health; however, whether they are essential features of service entry has not been analysed.

Aim: To investigate the use of diagnosis in the service entry criteria of UK NHS adult mental health services.

Methods: Freedom of Information requests were made to 17 NHS adult mental health Trusts; responses were analysed thematically.

Heterogeneity in psychiatric diagnostic classification.

The theory and practice of psychiatric diagnosis are central yet contentious. This paper examines the heterogeneous nature of categories within the DSM-5, how this heterogeneity is expressed across diagnostic criteria, and its consequences for clinicians, clients, and the diagnostic model. Selected chapters of the DSM-5 were thematically analysed: schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders; bipolar and related disorders; depressive disorders; anxiety disorders; and trauma- and stressor-related disorders.

Debt Counselling for Depression in Primary Care: an adaptive randomised controlled pilot trial (DeCoDer study).

Background: Depression and debt are common in the UK. Debt Counselling for Depression in Primary Care: an adaptive randomised controlled pilot trial (DeCoDer) aimed to assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the addition of a primary care debt counselling advice service to usual care for patients with depression and debt. However, the study was terminated early during the internal pilot trial phase because of recruitment delays.

The feasibility and effectiveness of Catch It, an innovative CBT smartphone app.

Background: The widespread use of smartphones makes effective therapies such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) potentially accessible to large numbers of people.

Aims: This paper reports the usage data of the first trial of Catch It, a new CBT smartphone app.

Method: Uptake and usage rates, fidelity of user responses to CBT principles, and impact on reported negative and positive moods were assessed.

Web based health surveys: Using a Two Step Heckman model to examine their potential for population health analysis.

In June 2011 the BBC Lab UK carried out a web-based survey on the causes of mental distress. The 'Stress Test' was launched on 'All in the Mind' a BBC Radio 4 programme and the test's URL was publicised on radio and TV broadcasts, and made available via BBC web pages and social media. Given the large amount of data created, over 32,800 participants, with corresponding diagnosis, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics; the dataset are potentially an important source of data for population based research on depression and anxiety.