Hominin footprints from early Pleistocene deposits at Happisburgh, UK.

Investigations at Happisburgh, UK, have revealed the oldest known hominin footprint surface outside Africa at between ca. 1 million and 0.78 million years ago.

Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in northwest Europe.

The dispersal of early humans from Africa by 1.75 Myr ago led to a marked expansion of their range, from the island of Flores in the east to the Iberian peninsula in the west. This range encompassed tropical forest, savannah and Mediterranean habitats, but has hitherto not been demonstrated beyond 45 degrees N.

Atomoxetine for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

Objective: In this study we examined the effectiveness of atomoxetine for the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Methods: Patients were aged 6 to 12 years and met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with a Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-Revised attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subscale score above age and gender norms; Clinical Global Impressions-Severity Scale score of > or = 4; and Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale-Revised oppositional defiant disorder subscale score of > or = 15. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive 1.

Schizotypal cognitions as a predictor of psychopathology in adolescents with mild intellectual impairment.

Background: There is evidence to suggest that among young people with mild intellectual disability there are those whose cognitive difficulties may predict the subsequent manifestation of a schizophrenic phenotype. It is suggested that they may be detectable by simple means.

Aims: To gain adequate cooperation from educational services, parents and students so as to recruit a sufficiently large sample to test the above hypothesis, and to examine the hypothesis in the light of the findings.

Grey matter correlates of early psychotic symptoms in adolescents at enhanced risk of psychosis: a voxel-based study.

A three-fold enhanced risk of schizophrenia is conferred by learning disability. Here we use voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to investigate grey matter correlates of early psychotic and related symptoms in 137 adolescents at enhanced risk of this disorder because of intellectual disability. Anxiety, hallucinations, incoherence of speech and delusions were assessed at clinical interview, and VBM was used to examine linear associations between symptom severity and grey matter density (GMD).

Psychometric properties of the quality of life questionnaire for children with CP.

This paper describes the development and psychometric properties of a condition-specific quality of life instrument for children with cerebral palsy (CP QOL-Child). A sample of 205 primary caregivers of children with CP aged 4 to 12 years (mean 8y 5mo) and 53 children aged 9 to 12 years completed the CP QOL-Child. The children (112 males, 93 females) were sampled across Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels (Level I=18%, II=28%, III=14%, IV=11%, V=27%).

Structural correlates of intellectual impairment and autistic features in adolescents.

Intellectual disability, a common but under-researched condition, is strongly associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although studies have investigated the neural correlates of intelligence quotient (IQ) and ASD in intellectually unimpaired subjects, these issues have not been addressed in intellectually impaired subjects. We studied 63 intellectually disabled adolescents receiving additional learning support and 72 controls using whole brain tissue volumes extracted from native space and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in normalised space.

Validation of a Portuguese version of a generic health quality-of-life questionnaire for children with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including epilepsy.

Purpose: To validate a Portuguese version of a generic HRQL instrument already used for children with epilepsy. To analyze differences of scores among children with epilepsy and co-morbidities in contrast to other neurological and neuropsychiatric diagnosis, especially Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Methods: A total of 194 children (64 with epilepsy, 94 with ADHD and 38 with other neurological or neuropsychiatric diagnosis) were consecutively seen in a neuropaediatric ambulatory unit.

Qualitative assessment of brain anomalies in adolescents with mental retardation.

Background And Purpose: The neural basis of mental retardation is poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize structural anomalies of the brain in mental retardation and the relationship between them and the degree of mental retardation.

Methods: Eighty adolescents receiving educational support and 40 controls underwent MR brain imaging and intelligence quotient (IQ) assessment.

12-month efficacy and safety of OROS MPH in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder switched from MPH.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term clinical treatment with OROS methylphenidate (MPH) (Concerta) in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who had been previously treated with immediate release (IR) MPH.

Methods: Subjects aged 6-16 years (n=105) who were stable on IR MPH (10-60 mg/day) were switched to 18, 36 or 54 mg OROS MPH once daily for 21 days, depending on prestudy MPH dose. Subjects who benefited from OROS MPH could continue in a 12-month extension period.

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and attendance at hospital.

The aim of this study was to identify the risk of injury for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were matched with controls and attendances at the Accident and Emergency department and injury rates were compared. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are at a greater risk of injury and also attend the Accident and Emergency department more frequently.