A Novel Prediction Method for Glaucoma Detection Using Retinographies.

Glaucoma, characterized by its damage to the retinal nerve, is one of the most statistically dominant eye diseases in the U.S. It can cause vision loss and blindness by affecting the optic nerve.

Optimization of fluorinated phenyl azides as universal photocrosslinkers for semiconducting polymers.

Fluorinated phenyl azides (FPA) enable photo-structuring of π-conjugated polymer films for electronic device applications. Despite their potential, FPAs have faced limitations regarding their crosslinking efficiency, and more importantly, their impact on critical semiconductor properties, such as charge-carrier mobility. Here, we report that azide photolysis and photocrosslinking can achieve unity quantum efficiencies for specific FPAs.

Effects of Planarization of the Triphenylamine Unit on the Electronic and Transport Properties of Triarylamine-Fluorene Copolymers in Both Doped and Undoped Forms.

Triarylamine--fluorene (TAF) copolymers are widely used for hole injection and transport in organic electronics. Despite suggestions to planarize the triphenylamine moiety, little research has been conducted. Here, we report a comprehensive investigation of the effects of planarization on the electronic and transport properties of a model TAF polymer semiconductor core.

An Unusual Macrocyclic Hexamer of an Iso-Tellurazole N-Oxide Featuring CTe O Chalcogen Bonds is Formed by κ -O Complexation to Fe(II) and Ni(II).

Studies of the supramolecular chemistry of iso-tellurazole N-oxides have been confined to non-polar media until now. To overcome that limitation, an iso-tellurazole N-oxide was derivatized with a primary alcohol group; the compound is soluble in polar solvents and stable in acidic to neutral aqueous media. Nickel (II) and iron (II) form macrocyclic complexes with six molecules of that iso-tellurazole N-oxide in a hitherto not-observed macrocyclic arrangement defined by CTe⋅⋅⋅O chalcogen bonds and κ -O bound to the metal ion.

Feasibility of a Community Healthy Eating and Cooking Intervention Featuring Traditional African Caribbean Foods from Participant and Staff Perspectives.

Culturally appropriate healthy eating resources are intended to help people from different ethnic backgrounds consume diets reflecting government dietary recommendations, yet evidence on use in the target groups is lacking. This study evaluated the feasibility of a new brief culturally appropriate community intervention that aimed to introduce food-based healthy eating and recipe resources featuring African Caribbean foods, which were recently co-developed with people from these ethnic backgrounds. Working with a community organization in the UK, a single-arm study was used to collect verbal data from participants and staff on the acceptability of intervention whilst knowledge, skills and behaviours related to healthy eating were evaluated using pre-, post- and follow-up questionnaires.

Development and validation of a quality assessment tool to assess online nutrition information.

Setting: The internet is an important source of health information but is unregulated. Little research has focused on the assessment of digital information related to nutrition.

Aim: To develop and validate a novel online quality assessment tool (OQAT) for quality assessment of online nutrition information.

Water binding and hygroscopicity in π-conjugated polyelectrolytes.

The presence of water strongly influences structure, dynamics and properties of ion-containing soft matter. Yet, the hydration of such matter is not well understood. Here, we show through a large study of monovalent π-conjugated polyelectrolytes that their reversible hydration, up to several water molecules per ion pair, occurs chiefly at the interface between the ion clusters and the hydrophobic matrix without disrupting ion packing.

Risk factors for hospitalisation in Welsh infants with a congenital anomaly.

Objectives: To investigate risk factor associated with hospitalisation of infants with a congenital anomaly in Wales, UK.

Design: A population-based cohort study.

Setting: Data from the Welsh Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service linked to the Patient Episode Database for Wales and livebirths and deaths from the Office for National Statistics.

Double-type-I charge-injection heterostructure for quantum-dot light-emitting diodes.

Enforcing balanced electron-hole injection into the emitter layer of quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) remains key to maximizing the quantum efficiency over a wide current density range. This was previously thought not possible for quantum dot (QD) emitters because of their very deep energy bands. Here, we show using Mesolight® blue-emitting CdZnSeS/ZnS QDs as a model that its valence levels are in fact considerably shallower than the corresponding band maximum of the bulk semiconductor, which makes the ideal double-type-I injection/confinement heterostructure accessible using a variety of polymer organic semiconductors as transport and injection layers.

Role of Linker Functionality in Polymers Exhibiting Main-Chain Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence.

Excellent performance has been reported for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on small molecule emitters that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence. However, the necessary vacuum processing makes the fabrication of large-area devices based on these emitters cumbersome and expensive. Here, the authors present high performance OLEDs, based on novel, TADF polymers that can be readily processed from a solution.

Detecting Cataract Using Smartphones.

Objective: Cataract, which is the clouding of the crystalline lens, is the most prevalent eye disease accounting for 51% of all eye diseases in the U.S. Cataract is a progressive disease, and its early detection is critical for preventing blindness.

Iso-Tellurazolium-Phenoxides: A Family of Te···O Chalcogen-Bonding Supramolecular Building Blocks.

Formal substitution of the oxygen atom of an iso-tellurazole -oxide with deprotonated (, , and )-hydroxyphenyl groups generated molecules that readily aggregate through Te···O chalcogen bonding (ChB) interactions. The molecules undergo autoassociation in solution, as shown by variable temperature (VT) H NMR experiments and paralleling the behavior of iso-tellurazole -oxides. Judicious adjustment of crystallization conditions enabled the isolation of either polymeric or macrocyclic aggregates.

Clinically Oriented Classification of Anatomic Variants of the Umbilical Fissure for Ligamentum Teres in the Human Liver.

Background In the classic descriptions of the human liver, the umbilical fissure (UF) is a long, narrow groove on the visceral surface that receives the ligamentum teres hepatis. In this study, we document the UF variations encountered in a series of cadaveric dissections. Methods We reported UF variations using the following classification: Type I refers to "normal" anatomy where there is a long, narrow groove.

Overcoming the water oxidative limit for ultra-high-workfunction hole-doped polymers.

It is widely thought that the water-oxidation reaction limits the maximum work function to about 5.25 eV for hole-doped semiconductors exposed to the ambient, constrained by the oxidation potential of air-saturated water. Here, we show that polymer organic semiconductors, when hole-doped, can show work functions up to 5.

Competing Effects of Chlorination on the Strength of Te⋅⋅⋅O Chalcogen Bonds Select the Structure of Mixed Supramolecular Macrocyclic Aggregates of Iso-Tellurazole N-Oxides.

Chlorination of 3-methyl-5-phenyl-1,2-tellurazole-2-oxide yielded the λ Te dichloro derivative. Its crystal structure demonstrates that the heterocycle retains its ability to autoassociate by chalcogen bonding (ChB) forming macrocyclic tetramers. The corresponding Te⋅⋅⋅O ChB distances are 2.

Neonatal and infant mortality associated with spina bifida: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: A systematic review was conducted in high-income country settings to analyse: (i) spina bifida neonatal and IMRs over time, and (ii) clinical and socio-demographic factors associated with mortality in the first year after birth in infants affected by spina bifida.

Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus and the Cochrane Library were searched from 1st January, 1990 to 31st August, 2020 to review evidence.

Study Selection: Population-based studies that provided data for spina bifida infant mortality and case fatality according to clinical and socio-demographical characteristics were included.

Improving organic photovoltaic cells by forcing electrode work function well beyond onset of Ohmic transition.

As electrode work function rises or falls sufficiently, the organic semiconductor/electrode contact reaches Fermi-level pinning, and then, few tenths of an electron-volt later, Ohmic transition. For organic solar cells, the resultant flattening of open-circuit voltage (V) and fill factor (FF) leads to a 'plateau' that maximizes power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, we demonstrate this plateau in fact tilts slightly upwards.

Surface Doping of Organic Single-Crystal Semiconductors to Produce Strain-Sensitive Conductive Nanosheets.

A highly periodic electrostatic potential, even though established in van der Waals bonded organic crystals, is essential for the realization of a coherent band electron system. While impurity doping is an effective chemical operation that can precisely tune the energy of an electronic system, it always faces an unavoidable difficulty in molecular crystals because the introduction of a relatively high density of dopants inevitably destroys the highly ordered molecular framework. In striking contrast, a versatile strategy is presented to create coherent 2D electronic carriers at the surface of organic semiconductor crystals with their precise molecular structures preserved perfectly.

Paediatric Strategy Forum for medicinal product development of epigenetic modifiers for children: ACCELERATE in collaboration with the European Medicines Agency with participation of the Food and Drug Administration.

The fifth multistakeholder Paediatric Strategy Forum focussed on epigenetic modifier therapies for children and adolescents with cancer. As most mutations in paediatric malignancies influence chromatin-associated proteins or transcription and paediatric cancers are driven by developmental gene expression programs, targeting epigenetic mechanisms is predicted to be a very important therapeutic approach in paediatric cancer. The Research to Accelerate Cures and Equity (RACE) for Children Act FDARA amendments to section 505B of the FD&C Act was implemented in August 2020, and as there are many epigenetic targets on the FDA Paediatric Molecular Targets List, clinical evaluation of epigenetic modifiers in paediatric cancers should be considered early in drug development.

Optimizing the Efficacy of Learning Objectives through Pretests.

Learning objectives (LOs) are statements that typically precede a study session and describe the knowledge students should obtain by the end of the session. Despite their widespread use, limited research has investigated the effect of LOs on learning. In three laboratory experiments, we examined the extent to which LOs improve retention of information.

A Double-Blind, Phase I, Single Ascending Dose Study to Assess the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of BOS161721 in Healthy Subjects.

The purpose of this study was to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity of BOS161721, a humanized immunoglobulin G1 triple mutation (M252Y/S254T/T256E) monoclonal antibody that inhibits interleukin-21 (IL-21) bioactivity. This randomized, single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled study randomized healthy volunteers 3:1 to single ascending intravenous and subcutaneous doses of BOS161721 (range 1-240 mg) or placebo. BOS161721 and placebo groups had similar rates of adverse events, mostly mild; none led to study discontinuation.

Multivalent anions as universal latent electron donors.

Electrodes with low work functions are required to efficiently inject electrons into semiconductor devices. However, when the work function drops below about 4 electronvolts, the electrode suffers oxidation in air, which prevents its fabrication in ambient conditions. Here we show that multivalent anions such as oxalate, carbonate and sulfite can act as powerful latent electron donors when dispersed as small ion clusters in a matrix, while retaining their ability to be processed in solution in ambient conditions.

Macrocyclic complexes of Pt(ii) and Rh(iii) with iso-tellurazole N-oxides.

Pt(ii) and Rh(iii) readily form complexes with 3-methyl-5-aryl-1,2-tellurazole 2-oxides (L = (3-Me-5-Ar-1,2-C3HTe(NO)). The aryl group is either phenyl or 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl, the latter case being a new derivative with enhanced solubility. The compound [Pt(3-Me-5-(3,5-tBu2C6H3)-1,2-C3HTe(NO))4](BF4)2 crystallizes in the P21/C space group featuring a square planar complex in the lattice.

Ohmic transition at contacts key to maximizing fill factor and performance of organic solar cells.

While thermodynamic detailed balance limits the maximum power conversion efficiency of a solar cell, the quality of its contacts can further limit the actual efficiency. The criteria for good contacts to organic semiconductors, however, are not well understood. Here, by tuning the work function of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hole collection layers in fine steps across the Fermi-level pinning threshold of the model photoactive layer, poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C-butyrate methyl ester, in organic solar cells, we obtain direct evidence for a non-ohmic to ohmic transition at the hole contact that lies 0.

The effect of ageing temperature on the physicochemical properties, phytochemical profile and α-glucosidase inhibition of Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) wine.

The effect of temperature (6, 15 and 30°C) during ageing on the colour, phytochemical composition and bioactivity of roselle wine was investigated over 12months. At the end of ageing, wines stored at 6°C had the highest colour density and lowest polymeric anthocyanins. The initial concentration of most of the individual phenolic compounds decreased during ageing, with reduction of monomeric anthocyanins contributing to the formation of anthocyanin-derivatives (pyranoanthocyanins), eight of which were identified tentatively and reported here for the first time in roselle wine.