Enhancing children's participation in dental research: A commentary.

The concept of childhood has evolved over the years, inspired by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989, shifting from developmental models to a conception of childhood that recognizes children as moral agents. This evolution highlights the importance of respecting children's agency and their right to be heard in matters that are related to them. In conventional health research, however, children's voices are often inadequately accessed.

Damage in transition.

Double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) are a particularly dangerous form of DNA damage because they can lead to chromosome loss, translocations or truncations. When DSBs occur, many proteins are recruited to the break site; these proteins serve to both initiate DNA repair and to activate a checkpoint response. Repair occurs via one of two pathways: non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), in which broken DNA ends are directly ligated; or homologous recombination (HR), in which a homologous chromosome is used as a template in a replicative repair process.

Morphological characteristics of skeletal muscles in relation to gender.

Background And Aims: The aim of this study was to ascertain whether there are gender-related differences in the morphological characteristics of the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles in young adult and old Fischer 344/Brown Norway F1 rats.

Methods: We tested 1) whether there was a gender-related difference between the fiber type composition of these muscles, and 2) whether the cross-sectional area of individual muscle fibers demonstrated gender-associated differences, fibers from males being larger than fibers from females.

Results: Gender differences were not found in the fiber type composition of the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles, but were present in the single skeletal fiber cross-sectional area of the tibialis anterior muscle.

Overlapping roles of the spindle assembly and DNA damage checkpoints in the cell-cycle response to altered chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The MAD2-dependent spindle checkpoint blocks anaphase until all chromosomes have achieved successful bipolar attachment to the mitotic spindle. The DNA damage and DNA replication checkpoints block anaphase in response to DNA lesions that may include single-stranded DNA and stalled replication forks. Many of the same conditions that activate the DNA damage and DNA replication checkpoints also activated the spindle checkpoint.