Vitamin C Urinary Loss in Fabry Disease: Clinical and Genomic Characteristics of Vitamin C Renal Leak.

Background: Reduced plasma vitamin C concentrations in chronic diseases may result from abnormal urinary excretion of vitamin C: a renal leak. We hypothesized that vitamin C renal leak may be associated with disease-mediated renal dysregulation, resulting in aberrant vitamin C renal reabsorption and increased urinary loss.

Objectives: We investigated the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and genomic associations of vitamin C renal leak in Fabry disease, an X-linked lysosomal disease associated with renal tubular dysfunction and low plasma vitamin C concentrations.

Hiat1 as a new transporter involved in ammonia regulation.

The orphan transporter hippocampus-abundant transcript 1 (Hiat1) was first identified in the mammalian brain. Its specific substrate specificity, however, has not been investigated to date. Here, we identified and analyzed Hiat1 in a crustacean, the green crab Carcinus maenas.

Characterization of two novel ammonia transporters, Hiat1a and Hiat1b, in the teleost model system Danio rerio.

Ammonia excretion in fish excretory epithelia is a complex interplay of multiple membrane transport proteins and mechanisms. Using the model system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae, here we identified three paralogues of a novel ammonia transporter, hippocampus-abundant transcript 1 (DrHiat1), also found in most vertebrates. When functionally expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, DrHiat1a and DrHiat1b promoted methylamine uptake in a competitive manner with ammonia.

The inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption by oat-derived avenanthramides.

Avenanthramides are phenolic compounds unique to oats and may contribute to health-promoting properties associated with oat consumption. This study used Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing the glucose transporters, glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) or sodium-glucose transport protein 1 (SGLT1) and human Caco-2 cells models to investigate the effect of oat avenanthramides on human intestinal glucose transporters. The presence of avenanthramide reduced the glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner in Caco-2 cells.

Genosets for APOE and CYP7A1-rs3808607 variants do not predict LDL cholesterol lowering upon intervention with plant sterols in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: The consumption of 2 g/d plant sterols (PSs) reduces circulating LDL cholesterol by ≤10%. The degree of LDL cholesterol lowering was associated with specific apolipoprotein E [APOE, Reference SNP (rs)429358] and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1, rs3808607) genosets in previous post hoc analyses of randomized controlled trials. However, because post hoc analyses do not conform to the randomization model, there is a greater potential that the findings could be due to type I error, thus warranting validation through an a priori-designed intervention trial.

Valorization of Heat-Treated Brewers' Spent Grain Through the Identification of Bioactive Phenolics by UPLC-PDA and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activities.

Thermal processing not only disrupts cell membranes and cell walls, but also cleaves covalent bonds releasing low molecular phenolic. This study examined the impact of various heat treatments (100, 140, and 160°C) on the composition of phenolic acids and antioxidant activities in extracts obtained from defatted brewers spent grain (BSG) meal. Heating BSG at 160°C resulted in a 2-fold increase in total phenolic content [TPC, 172.

A combination of single nucleotide polymorphisms is associated with the interindividual variability in the blood lipid response to dietary fatty acid consumption in a randomized clinical trial.

Background: Blood lipid concentrations display high interindividual variability in response to dietary interventions, partly due to genetic factors. Existing studies have focused on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyzed individually, which only explain a limited fraction of the variability of these complex phenotypes.

Objective: We aimed to identify combinations of SNPs associated with the variability in LDL cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) concentration changes following 5 dietary interventions.

Polymorphisms in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene modify blood glucose response to dietary oils varying in MUFA content in adults with obesity.

Diets varying in SFA and MUFA content can impact glycaemic control; however, whether underlying differences in genetic make-up can influence blood glucose responses to these dietary fatty acids is unknown. We examined the impact of dietary oils varying in SFA/MUFA content on changes in blood glucose levels (primary outcome) and whether these changes were modified by variants in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) gene (secondary outcome). Obese men and women participating in the randomised, crossover, isoenergetic, controlled-feeding Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial II consumed three dietary oils for 6 weeks, with washout periods of ˜6 weeks between each treatment.

The Manitoba Personalized Lifestyle Research (TMPLR) study protocol: a multicentre bidirectional observational cohort study with administrative health record linkage investigating the interactions between lifestyle and health in Manitoba, Canada.

Introduction: Lifestyle factors, such as diet, physical activity and sleep, are associated with the development of many chronic diseases. The objective of The Manitoba Personalized Lifestyle Research study is to understand how these lifestyle factors interact with each other and with other factors, such as an individual's genetics and gut microbiome, to influence health.

Methods: An observational study of adults, with extensive phenotyping by objective health and lifestyle assessments, and retrospective assessment of early life experiences, with retrospective and prospective utilisation of secondary data from administrative health records.

Common Variants in Lipid Metabolism-Related Genes Associate with Fat Mass Changes in Response to Dietary Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Adults with Abdominal Obesity.

Background: Different fatty acids (FAs) can vary in their obesogenic effect, and genetic makeup can contribute to fat deposition in response to dietary FA composition. However, the antiobesogenic effects of the interactions between dietary MUFAs and genetics have scarcely been tested in intervention studies.

Objective: We evaluated the overall (primary outcome) and genetically modulated (secondary outcome) response in body weight and fat mass to different levels of MUFA consumption.

The combination of single nucleotide polymorphisms rs6720173 (ABCG5), rs3808607 (CYP7A1), and rs760241 (DHCR7) is associated with differing serum cholesterol responses to dairy consumption.

Existing evidence on the influence of genetic architecture on serum cholesterol responsiveness to dietary interventions focuses on individual single nucleotide polymorphisms and single nutrients. We associated the combination of ABCG5 rs6720173-C, CYP7A1 rs3808607-TT, and DHCR7 rs760241-GG genotypes with lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations relative to the combination of rs6720173-GG, rs3808607-G, and rs760241-A genotypes (-0.37 ± 0.

Inhibition of Intestinal Cellular Glucose Uptake by Phenolics Extracted from Whole Wheat Grown at Different Locations.

Whole grain consumption is associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, and the underlying mechanism might be related to the actions of polyphenols. Dietary polyphenols contribute to low glycemic indices through inhibition of intestinal glucose transport proteins. This study has two objectives: (1) to evaluate how the contents of phenolic acids in wheat vary by genetic background and growth condition and (2) to evaluate how these changes translate into physiologic relevance by investigating cellular glucose transporter inhibitions.

Dietary Vitamin C in Human Health.

Vitamin C is essential to prevent scurvy in humans and is implicated in the primary prevention of common and complex diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and cancer. This chapter reviews the latest knowledge about dietary vitamin C in human health with an emphasis on studies of the molecular mechanisms of vitamin C maintenance as well as gene-nutrient interactions modifying these relationships. Epidemiological evidence indicates 5% prevalence for vitamin C deficiency and 13% prevalence for suboptimal status even in industrialized countries.

The gene, encoding the novel glucose/dehydroascorbate transporter GLUT14, is associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

Variations in intestinal antioxidant membrane transporters are implicated in the initiation and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Facilitated glucose transporter member 14 (GLUT14), encoded by the solute carrier family 2 member 14 () gene, is a putative transporter for dehydroascorbic acid and glucose. Although information on the gene is limited, shorter and longer GLUT14 isoforms have been identified.

Effect of Daily Iron Supplementation in Healthy Exclusively Breastfed Infants: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Background: The literature on the iron requirements of exclusively breastfed infants contains conflicting data and contrary views.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to summarize the evidence for both benefits and risks of daily oral iron supplementation with regard to hematologic, growth, cognitive parameters, and adverse effects in exclusively breastfed infants.

Materials And Methods: Structured electronic searches were conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library databases, and Google Scholar for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving daily iron supplementation in full-term healthy exclusively breastfed infants.

Effects of genotype and temperature on accumulation of plant secondary metabolites in Canadian and Australian wheat grown under controlled environments.

Predictions of global increased temperature are for 1.8-4 °C by 2100. Increased temperature as an abiotic stress may exert a considerable influence on the levels of secondary metabolites in plants.

Bioactivities of fish protein hydrolysates from defatted salmon backbones.

Bioactivities of bulk fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) from defatted salmon backbones obtained with eight different commercial enzymes and their combinations were tested. All FPH showed antioxidative activity . DPPH scavenging activity increased, while iron chelating ability decreased with increasing time of hydrolysis.

Gene Expression Profiles Suggest Iron Transport Pathway in the Lactating Human Epithelial Cell.

Objectives: The molecular background of iron excretion into breast milk has not been determined in humans. We determined the expression of known iron transporters in mRNA extracted from human milk fat globules to deduce which known transporters are responsible for iron excretion into human milk.

Methods: The expression of iron transporters in mRNA from human milk fat globules and mouse mammary epithelial cell lines was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Temporo-spacial microanatomical distribution of the murine sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transporters Slc23a1 and Slc23a2 in the kidney throughout development.

The two membrane transporters Slc23a1 and Slc23a2 mediate ascorbic acid uptake into cells. We recently determined the key role of Slc23a1 in renal re-absorption of ascorbic acid in a knockout mouse model. However, the renal spatial and temporal expression patterns of murine Slc23a1 and Slc23a2 are not defined.

The SLC2A14 gene: genomic locus, tissue expression, splice variants, and subcellular localization of the protein.

The SLC2A14 gene encodes for GLUT14, an orphan member of the facilitated membrane glucose transporter family, which was originally described to be exclusively expressed in human testis. However, genetic variations in SLC2A14 are associated with chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Inflammatory Bowel Disease, which cannot be explained by a strictly testicular expression. Therefore we analyzed available information on the SLC2A14 gene to update knowledge of the locus and its encoded products.

Inhibition of Intestinal α-Glucosidase and Glucose Absorption by Feruloylated Arabinoxylan Mono- and Oligosaccharides from Corn Bran and Wheat Aleurone.

The effect of feruloylated arabinoxylan mono- and oligosaccharides (FAXmo) on mammalian α-glucosidase and glucose transporters was investigated using human Caco-2 cells, rat intestinal acetone powder, and Xenopus laevis oocytes. The isolated FAXmo from wheat aleurone and corn bran were identified to have degree of polymerization (DP) of 4 and 1, respectively, by HPLC-MS. Both FAXmo extracts were effective inhibitors of sucrase and maltase functions of the α-glucosidase.

Common Variants in Cholesterol Synthesis- and Transport-Related Genes Associate with Circulating Cholesterol Responses to Intakes of Conventional Dairy Products in Healthy Individuals.

Background: Dairy intake has been associated with varying impacts on circulating cholesterol concentrations across nutritional epidemiology and intervention studies, with findings attributed mainly to differences in the nature of dairy products consumed or study designs. The contribution of the genomic architecture to such observations has yet to be revealed.

Objective: We assessed the impact of multiple common genetic variations in cholesterol-related genes on responses of serum cholesterol to the recommended amount of dairy product intake in Canada.

Genetic Variation in Human Vitamin C Transporter Genes in Common Complex Diseases.

Adequate plasma, cellular, and tissue vitamin C concentrations are required for maintaining optimal health through suppression of oxidative stress and optimizing functions of certain enzymes that require vitamin C as a cofactor. Polymorphisms in the vitamin C transporter genes, compromising genes encoding sodium-dependent ascorbate transport proteins, and also genes encoding facilitative transporters of dehydroascorbic acid, are associated with plasma and tissue cellular ascorbate status and hence cellular redox balance. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the links between variations in vitamin C transporter genes and common chronic diseases.

High-Molecular-Weight β-Glucan Decreases Serum Cholesterol Differentially Based on the CYP7A1 rs3808607 Polymorphism in Mildly Hypercholesterolemic Adults.

Background: β-Glucan, a soluble fiber with viscous property, has a documented cholesterol-lowering effect. The molecular weight (MW) of β-glucan, which contributes to viscosity, and an individual's genotype might influence the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of β-glucan.

Objectives: This study was designed to determine whether the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of barley β-glucan varied as a function of MW and the daily dose consumed.

Interactions between dietary oil treatments and genetic variants modulate fatty acid ethanolamides in plasma and body weight composition.

Fatty acid ethanolamides (FAE), a group of lipid mediators derived from long-chain fatty acids (FA), mediate biological activities including activation of cannabinoid receptors, stimulation of fat oxidation and regulation of satiety. However, how circulating FAE levels are influenced by FA intake in humans remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to investigate the response of six major circulating FAE to various dietary oil treatments in a five-period, cross-over, randomised, double-blind, clinical study in volunteers with abdominal obesity.