A sub-national HIV epidemic appraisal in Kenya: a new approach for identifying priority geographies, populations and programmes for optimizing coverage for HIV prevention.

Introduction: The HIV Prevention 2025 Roadmap, developed by UNAIDS, recommends the adoption of a precision prevention approach focused on priority populations and geographies. With reduction in new HIV acquisitions in many countries, designing a differentiated HIV prevention response, using a Programme Science approach, based on the understanding of the epidemic and transmission dynamics at a sub-national level, is critical.

Methods: To support strategic planning, an epidemic appraisal at the sub-national level across 47 counties, with the 2019 population ranging from 0.

Applying the Effective Programme Coverage framework to assess gaps in HIV prevention programmes for female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Nairobi, Kenya: findings from an expanded Polling Booth Survey.

Introduction: Measuring the coverage of HIV prevention services for key populations (KPs) has consistently been a challenge for national HIV programmes. The current frameworks and measurement methods lack emphasis on effective coverage, occur infrequently, lack timeliness and limit the participation of KPs. The Effective Programme Coverage framework, which utilizes a programme science approach, provides an opportunity to assess gaps in various coverage domains and explore the underlying reasons for these gaps, in order to develop targeted solutions.

Challenges and Opportunities in Big Data Science to Address Health Inequities and Focus the HIV Response.

Purpose Of Review: Big Data Science can be used to pragmatically guide the allocation of resources within the context of national HIV programs and inform priorities for intervention. In this review, we discuss the importance of grounding Big Data Science in the principles of equity and social justice to optimize the efficiency and effectiveness of the global HIV response.

Recent Findings: Social, ethical, and legal considerations of Big Data Science have been identified in the context of HIV research.

Assessing Outcomes in HIV Prevention and Treatment Programs With Female Sex Workers and Men Who Have Sex With Men: Expanded Polling Booth Survey Protocol.

Background: Assessing HIV outcomes in key population prevention programs is a crucial component of the program cycle, as it facilitates improved planning and monitoring of anticipated results. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS recommends using simple, rapid methods to routinely measure granular and differentiated program outcomes for key populations. Following a program science approach, Partners for Health and Development in Africa, in partnership with the Nairobi County Government and the University of Manitoba, aims to conduct an outcome assessment using a novel, expanded polling booth survey (ePBS) method with female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Nairobi County, Kenya.

HIV Prevalence and the HIV Treatment Cascade Among Female Sex Workers in Cross-Border Areas in East Africa.

In cross-border areas of East Africa, sexual networks include partnerships across resident, migrant, and mobile populations, and risky behaviors can coincide with fragmented health services given the challenges of cross-border coordination. Among those most at risk are female sex workers (FSWs). We map HIV prevalence among FSWs in 14 cross-border areas, estimate associations between FSW characteristics and HIV and undiagnosed HIV, and estimate progress towards the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets.

Ending Neglected Surgical Diseases (NSDs): Definitions, Strategies, and Goals for the Next Decade.

While there has been overall progress in addressing the lack of access to surgical care worldwide, untreated surgical conditions in developing countries remain an underprioritized issue. Significant backlogs of advanced surgical disease called neglected surgical diseases (NSDs) result from massive disparities in access to quality surgical care. We aim to discuss a framework for a public health rights-based initiative designed to prevent and eliminate the backlog of NSDs in developing countries.

Access to HIV prevention services in East African cross-border areas: a 2016-2017 cross-sectional bio-behavioural study.

Introduction: East African cross-border areas are visited by mobile and vulnerable populations, such as men, female sex workers, men who have sex with men, truck drivers, fisher folks and young women. These groups may not benefit from traditional HIV prevention interventions available at the health facilities where they live, but may benefit from services offered at public venues identified as places where people meet new sexual partners (e.g.

Improving HIV outreach testing yield at cross-border venues in East Africa.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate HIV testing yield under several candidate strategies for outreach testing at venues (i.e. places where people socialize and meet new sex partners) in East Africa cross-border areas.

The HIV care continuum among resident and non-resident populations found in venues in East Africa cross-border areas.

Introduction: HIV care and treatment in cross-border areas in East Africa face challenges perhaps not seen to the same extent in other geographic areas, particularly for mobile and migrant populations. Here, we estimate the proportion of people with HIV found in these cross-border areas in each stage of the HIV care and treatment cascade, including the proportion who knows their status, the proportion on treatment and the proportion virally suppressed.

Methods: Participants (n = 11,410) working or socializing in public places in selected East Africa cross border areas were recruited between June 2016 and February 2017 using the Priorities for Local AIDS Control Efforts method and administered a behavioural survey and rapid HIV test.

Risk factors for early and late transmission of HIV via breast-feeding among infants born to HIV-infected women in a randomized clinical trial in Botswana.

Risk factors for mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) via breast-feeding were evaluated in a randomized trial. HIV-infected women and their infants received zidovudine as well as single-dose nevirapine or placebo. Infants were randomized to formula-feed (FF) or breast-feed (BF) in combination with zidovudine prophylaxis.

Infant morbidity, mortality, and breast milk immunologic profiles among breast-feeding HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women in Botswana.

Background: Infants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women have high mortality, but the immunologic integrity and protection afforded by the breast milk of HIV-infected women is unknown.

Methods: We determined morbidity and mortality by 24 months among breast-fed infants of 588 HIV-infected and 137 HIV-uninfected women followed-up in a clinical trial in Botswana. A matched case-control study compared clinical, behavioral, and breast milk immunologic parameters among 120 HIV-infected women by infant outcome.

Response to antiretroviral therapy after a single, peripartum dose of nevirapine.

Background: A single dose of nevirapine during labor reduces perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) but often leads to viral nevirapine resistance mutations in mothers and infants.

Methods: We studied the response to nevirapine-based antiretroviral treatment among women and infants who had previously been randomly assigned to a single, peripartum dose of nevirapine or placebo in a trial in Botswana involving the prevention of the transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child. All women were treated with antenatal zidovudine.

Breastfeeding plus infant zidovudine prophylaxis for 6 months vs formula feeding plus infant zidovudine for 1 month to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission in Botswana: a randomized trial: the Mashi Study.

Context: Postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) via breastfeeding reverses gains achieved by perinatal antiretroviral interventions.

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of 2 infant feeding strategies for the prevention of postnatal mother-to-child HIV transmission.

Design, Setting, And Patients: A 2 x 2 factorial randomized clinical trial with peripartum (single-dose nevirapine vs placebo) and postpartum infant feeding (formula vs breastfeeding with infant zidovudine prophylaxis) interventions.

Social consequences of HIV-positive women's participation in prevention of mother-to-child transmission programmes.

Approximately two-third of the worlds HIV/AIDS cases are found in sub-Saharan Africa. The rate of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) has been found to lie between 15 and 40%. The aim of this study was to explore the social consequences affecting the experience HIV-positive women have when taking part in a prevention of mother-to-child-transmission programme (PMTCT).