Monitoring the reality status of conscious experience is essential for a human being to interact successfully with the external world. Despite its importance for everyday functioning, reality monitoring can systematically become erroneous, for example, while dreaming or during hallucinatory experiences. To investigate brain processes associated with reality monitoring occurring online during an experience, i.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHere, we characterized the dynamics of sleep spindles, focusing on their damping, which we estimated using a metric called oscillatory-Quality (o-Quality), derived by fitting an autoregressive model to electrophysiological signals, recorded from the cortex in mice. The o-Quality of sleep spindles correlates weakly with their amplitude, shows marked laminar differences and regional topography across cortical regions, reflects the level of synchrony within and between cortical networks, is strongly modulated by sleep-wake history, reflects the degree of sensory disconnection, and correlates with the strength of coupling between spindles and slow waves. As most spindle events are highly localized and not detectable with conventional low-density recording approaches, o-Quality thus emerges as a valuable metric that allows us to infer the spread and dynamics of spindle activity across the brain and directly links their spatiotemporal dynamics with local and global regulation of brain states, sleep regulation, and function.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Disturbed sleep is among the most frequent health complaints of people exposed to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) used in mobile telecommunication, particularly in individuals who consider themselves as EMF hypersensitive (EHS). We aimed at investigating whether the EHS status per se is associated with sleep complaints. Because allelic variants of the gene encoding the L-type, voltage-gated calcium channel Ca1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe ability to organize self-generated thought into coherent, meaningful semantic representations is a central aspect of human cognition and undergoes regular alterations throughout the day. To investigate whether changes in semantic processing might explain the loss of coherence, logic, and voluntary control over thinking typically accompanying the transition to sleep, we recorded N400 evoked potentials from 44 healthy subjects. Auditory word pairs with varying semantic distance were presented while they were allowed to fall asleep.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFConsciousness always requires some representational content; that is, one can only be conscious about something. However, the presence of conscious experience (awareness) alone does not determine whether its content is in line with the external and physical world. Dreams, apart from certain forms of hallucinations, typically consist of non-veridical percepts, which are not recognized as false, but rather considered real.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDifferences in conscious experience of reality occur between waking, dreaming, and psychotic states. Between these states, there are systematic differences in the judgment about the reality of the experience when being confronted with bizarre breaks. However, the mechanisms underlying experience of reality in these different states are still unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Multisensor fitness trackers offer the ability to longitudinally estimate sleep quality in a home environment with the potential to outperform traditional actigraphy. To benefit from these new tools for objectively assessing sleep for clinical and research purposes, multisensor wearable devices require careful validation against the gold standard of sleep polysomnography (PSG). Naturalistic studies favor validation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe high prevalence of chronic sleep restriction in adolescents underscores the importance of understanding how adolescent sleep is regulated under such conditions. One component of sleep regulation is a homeostatic process: if sleep is restricted, then sleep intensity increases. Our knowledge of this process is primarily informed by total sleep deprivation studies and has been incorporated in mathematical models of human sleep regulation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBrief fragments of sleep shorter than 15 s are defined as microsleep episodes (MSEs), often subjectively perceived as sleepiness. Their main characteristic is a slowing in frequency in the electroencephalogram (EEG), similar to stage N1 sleep according to standard criteria. The maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) is often used in a clinical setting to assess vigilance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe two-process model of sleep posits that two processes interact to regulate sleep and wake: a homeostatic (Process S) and a circadian process (Process C). Process S compensates for sleep loss by increasing sleep duration and intensity. Process C gates the timing of sleep/wake favouring sleep during the circadian night in humans.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by psychiatric, cognitive, and motor disturbances. The study aimed to determine electroencephalography (EEG) global state and microstate changes in HD and their relationship with cognitive and behavioral impairments.
Methods: EEGs from 20 unmedicated HD patients and 20 controls were compared using global state properties (connectivity and dimensionality) and microstate properties (EEG microstate analysis).
Sleep homeostasis manifests as a relative constancy of its daily amount and intensity. Theoretical descriptions define 'Process S', a variable with dynamics dependent on global sleep-wake history, and reflected in electroencephalogram (EEG) slow wave activity (SWA, 0.5-4 Hz) during sleep.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeural activity is known to oscillate within discrete frequency bands and the synchronization between these rhythms is hypothesized to underlie information integration in the brain. Since strict synchronization is only possible for harmonic frequencies, a recent theory proposes that the interaction between different brain rhythms is facilitated by transient harmonic frequency arrangements. In this line, it has been recently shown that the transient occurrence of 2:1 harmonic cross-frequency relationships between alpha and theta rhythms (i.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVestibular stimulation in the form of rocking movements could be a promising non-pharmacological intervention for populations with reduced sleep quality, such as the elderly. We hypothesized that rocking movements influence sleep by promoting comfort. We assessed whether gentle rocking movements can facilitate the transition from wake to sleep, increase sleep spindle density and promote deep sleep in elderly people.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicrosleep episodes (MSEs) are short fragments of sleep (1-15 s) that can cause dangerous situations with potentially fatal outcomes. In the diagnostic sleep-wake and fitness-to-drive assessment, accurate and early identification of sleepiness is essential. However, in the absence of a standardised definition and a time-efficient scoring method of MSEs, these short fragments are not assessed in clinical routine.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFStudy Objectives: Gentle rocking movements provided by a moving bed have been proposed as a promising non-pharmacological way to promote sleep. In rodents the sleep promoting effect of rocking movements depended on the peak acceleration (named "stimulation intensity") perceived by the vestibular system. We set out to verify previous reports on the sleep promoting effect of rocking movements and to investigate the importance of stimulation intensity in this process.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic illness with a relapsing and remitting time course. Relapses are manic or depressive in nature and intermitted by euthymic states. During euthymic states, patients lack the criteria for a manic or depressive diagnosis, but still suffer from impaired cognitive functioning as indicated by difficulties in executive and language-related processing.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUnlike other episodic sleep disorders in childhood, there are no agreed severity indices for rhythmic movement disorder. While movements can be characterized in detail by polysomnography, in our experience most children inhibit rhythmic movement during polysomnography. Actigraphy and home video allow assessment in the child's own environment, but both have limitations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFStudy Objectives: The wake-sleep transition zone represents a poorly defined borderland, containing, for example, microsleep episodes (MSEs), which are of potential relevance for diagnosis and may have consequences while driving. Yet, the scoring guidelines of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) completely neglect it. We aimed to explore the borderland between wakefulness and sleep by developing the Bern continuous and high-resolution wake-sleep (BERN) criteria for visual scoring, focusing on MSEs visible in the electroencephalography (EEG), as opposed to purely behavior- or performance-defined MSEs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms
January 2019
EEG source localization is an essential tool to reveal the cortical sources underlying brain oscillatory activity. We applied LORETA, a technique of EEG source localization, to identify the principal brain areas involved in the process of falling asleep (sleep onset, SO). We localized the contributing brain areas of activity in the classical frequency bands and tracked their temporal evolution (in 2-min intervals from 2 min prior to SO up to 10 min after SO) during a baseline night and subsequent recovery sleep after total sleep deprivation of 40 h.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFalling asleep is a gradually unfolding process. We investigated the role of various oscillatory activities including sleep spindles and alpha and delta oscillations at sleep onset (SO) by automatically detecting oscillatory events. We used two datasets of healthy young males, eight with four baseline recordings, and eight with a baseline and recovery sleep after 40 h of sustained wakefulness.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe investigated the sleep onset transition in humans from an effective connectivity perspective in a baseline condition (approx. 16 h of wakefulness) and after sleep deprivation (40 h of sustained wakefulness). Using EEG recordings (27 derivations), source localization (LORETA) allowed us to reconstruct the underlying patterns of neuronal activity in various brain regions, e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe classification of sleep stages is the first and an important step in the quantitative analysis of polysomnographic recordings. Sleep stage scoring relies heavily on visual pattern recognition by a human expert and is time consuming and subjective. Thus, there is a need for automatic classification.
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