Nanotoxicology: developments and new insights.

The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in treatment of diseases have increased exponentially recently, giving rise to the science of nanomedicine. The safety of these NPs in humans has also led to the science of nanotoxicology. Due to a dearth of both readily available models and precise bio-dispersion characterization techniques, nanotoxicological research has obviously been constrained.

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Unripe Linn on Parameters Affecting Reproduction in Rats.

Objective: Aqueous extract of unripe fruit is commonly used for the treatment of ulcers in eastern Nigeria. This study aimed to assess the acute and subacute effects of an aqueous extract of unripe fruit on male and female fertility in rats.

Methods: Aqueous extracts obtained by maceration were analyzed for acute and subacute toxicity and for the presence of phytochemical constituents using standard procedures.

Evaluation of the antimalarial and CD4 T-cell modulatory effects of leaf methanol extract of Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell (Phyllanthaceae) in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kunze) Exell, a member of the Phyllanthaceae family, is a medicinal plant widely distributed in Africa. Decoctions from the leaves are used in Nigeria to treat fevers, convulsions, some neurological disorders and malaria.

Aim Of The Study: This study is to evaluate the anti-malarial properties of methanol extract of Phyllanthus muellerianus (MEPM) leaves and its ethyl acetate fraction using a murine malaria model infected with Plasmodium berghei.

Mitigating potential public health risks and challenges from hazardous materials contained in electronic waste items in a developing country setting.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Targets 12.4 and 3.9 aim to reduce deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and to achieve environmentally friendly management of chemical and wastes.

Newboulasides A and B, two new caffeic acid glycosides from with α-amylase inhibitory activity.

Chemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the leaves of (P. Beauv) led to the isolation of two new caffeic acid glycosides, Newboulasides A and B . The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D-, 2D-NMR and MS data.

Millettia aboensis ameliorates oxidative stress through synergic interaction of its active compounds.

Background M. aboensis has wide ethnopharmacological applications but very little has been done on the pharmacological basis for these indications. This study evaluated the antioxidant potentials of the leaf extracts of M.

Newbouldia laevis improved glucose and fat homeostasis in a TYPE-2 diabesity mice model.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv) has a long-standing ethnomedicinal use in the management of diabetes mellitus. However, no scientific evidence has established its potentials in the management of obesity dependent diabetes.

Upregulation of CD T-Lymphocytes by Isomeric Mixture of Quercetin-3-O-Rutinoside and Quercetin-3-O-Robinobioside Isolated from Millettia aboensis.

Background: Millettia aboensis (Hook. F.) Baker (Fabaceae) is popular in ethnomedicine for its acclaimed efficacy in a number of disease conditions.

Anti-plasmodial and anti-inflammatory activities of cyclotide-rich extract and fraction of (R. & S.) D.C. ().

Background: , commonly called '', a versatile plant used locally to treat malaria fever in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa was investigated for anti-plasmodial and anti-inflammatory activities.

Objective: The study was designed to evaluate the antiplasmodial as well as anti-inflammatory activities of whole extract and cyclotide-rich fraction of .

Method: The dichloromethane-methanol extract (ODE) of the plant, was investigated for suppressive and curative antiplasmodial activities against in mice.

Landolphia owariensis leaf extracts reduce parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice.

Context Landolphia owariensis P. Beauv. (Apocyanaceae) leaf is used in southeast Nigeria to treat malaria.

Immunomodulatory and immunorestorative activities of β-D-glucan-rich extract and polysaccharide fraction of mushroom, Pleurutus tuberregium.

Context: Some edible mushrooms are reputed to possess useful medicinal properties which are related to their ability to modulate the protective responses of the immune system.

Objective: This study explored the immunomodulatory and immunorestorative properties of a hot aqueous extract (APTR) and of a β-d-glucan-enriched polysaccharide fraction (BGP) of a local oyster mushroom Pleurutus tuberregium (Fr.) Singer (Pleurotaceae).

Extracts of Leptadenia hastata Leaf, a Famine Food and Traditional Remedy for Furuncles, Suppress Inflammation in Murine Models.

The effects of the methanol extract (LHE), hexane (LHHF), ethylacetate (LHEF) and methanol (LHMF) fractions of leaf of Leptadenia hastata on acute and chronic inflammation were studied. Furthermore, the effects of LHE on acetic acid induced increase in vascular permeability, carrageenan induced leucocyte migration and membrane stability were evaluated. The LHE and fractions were also subjected to phytochemical analysis.

Wound-healing Activity of the Aqueous Leaf Extract and Fractions of Ficus exasperata (Moraceae) and its Safety Evaluation on Albino Rats.

Ficus exasperata have been reported to have wide applications in the treatment of many human diseases. However, its traditional use in the treatment of wounds has not been validated by any scientific study. Also, its safety in the management of chronic disease conditions requires attention.

Immunomodulatory effects of Stachytarpheta cayennensis leaf extract and its synergistic effect with artesunate.

Background: The leaves of Stachytarpheta cayennensis C. Rich. (Verbenaceae) have been reported to possess potent anti-inflammatory and anti-malarial activities.

Hepato- and nephroprotective activities of a Nigerian local king tuber oyster mushroom, Pleurotus tuberregium (higher Basidiomycetes), in chemically induced organ toxicities in rats.

Chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal failure, and liver diseases are increasing worldwide and constitute a huge burden on health care costs, with attendant high morbidity and debility. Despite advances in modern medicine, there are still no licensed drugs that satisfactorily restore lost kidney or hepatic functions. In this study the chemoprotective effects of the hot aqueous extract of a local edible oyster mushroom, Pleurotus tuberregium (APTR), was evaluated in experimental liver and kidney toxicities.

Inhibition of inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by some depsidones and diaryl ether derivatives isolated from Corynespora cassiicola, an endophytic fungus of Gongronema latifolium leaves.

In this study, some depsidones and diaryl ether derivatives isolated from Corynespora cassicola, a fungi endophyte of Gongronema latifolium, were assessed for their anti-inflammatory potentials. The isolated metabolites corynesidone A (1), corynesidone C (2), corynesidone D (3) and corynether A (4) were screened for their effects on tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide (iNO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production by stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.

Anticonvulsant effect of kaurenoic acid isolated from the root bark of Annona senegalensis.

Context: The herbal preparations of Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae) root bark are used in Nigerian ethnomedicine for the treatment of epilepsy and febrile seizures. The scientific evidence for this effect has been reported.

Extracts of Ficus exasperata leaf inhibit topical and systemic inflammation in rodents and suppress LPS-induced expression of mediators of inflammation in macrophages.

The leaves of Ficus exasperata are mashed and prepared as poultices that are placed on swellings, wounds, and arthritic joints to relieve swelling and pains by the Igede tribal community of Nigeria. The leaf and stalk are also squeezed and used to mitigate itching or inflammation. These claimed benefits inspired this study in which topical and systemic (acute, chronic) anti-inflammatory activities of a methanol/methylene chloride leaf extract of F.

Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide by extract of Emilia sonchifolia L. aerial parts.

Emilia sonchifolia L. (Asteraceae) is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of a wide array of inflammatory disorders. This practice has also been supported by scientific reports which showed that extracts of E.

Supplementation with aqueous leaf extract of Morinda lucida enhances immunorestoration and upregulates the expression of cytokines and immunostimulatory markers.

Morinda lucida Benth (Rubiaceae) is a versatile plant used in traditional medicine of many countries for the treatment of a variety of ailments and the claims of efficacy are particularly remarkable in the treatment of infections and immuno-inflammatory disorders. In this study, we investigated the immunostimulatory and immunorestorative properties of the aqueous leaf extract of Morinda lucida (AML) in cultures of murine splenic lymphocytes and in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosupression models, respectively. Administration of AML (100 and 250 mg/kg; per os) in alternate days significantly (P < 0.

Antimicrobial Effects of a Lipophilic Fraction and Kaurenoic Acid Isolated from the Root Bark Extracts of Annona senegalensis.

Root bark preparation of Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae) is used in Nigerian ethnomedicine for treatment of infectious diseases. Extraction of the A.

Evaluation of the acute and sub acute toxicity of Annona senegalensis root bark extracts.

Objective: To investigate the safety profile of Annona senegalensis (A. senegalensis).

Methods: Dried powdered root-bark of A.

The leaf extract of Spondias mombin L. displays an anti-inflammatory effect and suppresses inducible formation of tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide (NO).

Extracts of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiacea) is used in the traditional medicine of Africa and Latin America to treat many inflammatory conditions, with repeated claims of efficacy. However, there are no scientific data yet to support these claims and the mechanism through which the extract may be acting is still unknown.

Studies on the antiulcer and gastrointestinal effects of stem bark extract of Bridelia ferruginea.

The antiulcer and gastrointestinal effects of methanol stem bark extract (BFME) of Bridelia ferruginea Benth. (Euphorbiaceae) and its solvent fractions-dichloromethane (DCMF) and methanol (MF)-were studied using indomethacin- and ethanol-induced ulcers in rats, small intestinal transit of charcoal meal in mice, and the effects on acetylcholine-induced contractions of the isolated guinea pig ileum. The extract and fractions significantly (P<0.

Anticonvulsant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv (Bignoniaceae).

The anticonvulsant properties of ethanol leaf extract of Spathodea campanulata, a plant used in traditional medicine to treat convulsion and epilepsy, were studied in mice using pentylenetetrazole-, picrotoxin-, and electroshock-induced models in mice. Other central nervous system effects and anticonvulsant-related activities such as the effects on position sense, righting reflex, Rota-Rod performance, phenobarbital sleep time, and amphetamine-induced stereotypy were also investigated. The acute toxicity potential in mice was determined by the oral route.