[The countermeasure system for extended space flights].

The article summarizes the results of developing countermeasures by the team of winners of the USSR state prize under the leadership of academician O.G. Gazenko, and ensuing investigations at the Institute for Biomedical Problems.

[Medical approaches to technogenic risks mitigation: instructive experience of space medicine].

Medical approaches to mitigation of technogenic extreme risks are analyzed by the example of space medicine experience in handling of the risks caused to humans by specific and non-specific extreme factors in space flight. Discussion is centered on the amalgamation of closely interconnected fundamental and applied risk researches with the ultimate aim of determining the strategy of risk minimization through optimization of environment, professional activity, and development of effective medical care and prevention instruments. One of the major achievements of the Russian space program was giving evidence of the possibility to control risks in extended orbital missions.

[Bioethics of research on humans and animals in aviation, space and marine medicine].

The article includes excerpts from The Bioethic Rules of Research With Humans and Animals that have established on analysis of national and international bioethic guidelines for biomedical research with the use of humans and animals and are a part of the ISS human use guidelines.

Evaluation of a Treadmill with Vibration Isolation and Stabilization (TVIS) for use on the International Space Station.

A treadmill with vibration isolation and stabilization designed for the International Space Station (ISS) was evaluated during Shuttle mission STS-81. Three crew members ran and walked on the device, which floats freely in zero gravity. For the majority of the more than 2 hours of locomotion studied, the treadmill showed peak to peak linear and angular displacements of less than 2.

[The reactions to weightlessness exposure: adaptation or disease?].

The arguments characterizing the poor theoretical validity and low profitability of the concept of "weightlessness disease" developed during recent few years by its authors are advanced. The morphofunctional rearrangements occurred in the body during space flights are considered as the result of adaptation-disadaptation rearrangements directed towards supporting the equilibrium with a set of reduced environmental requirements. Understanding the mechanisms of adaptation rearrangements creates the real but not forced basis for developing the measures for cosmonauts health stabilization and spaceflight safety.

Preliminary medical results of the Mir year-long mission.

The basic goal of medical investigations during and after the 366-day mission was to accumulate data about physiological responses to such a long exposure to microgravity. In flight, cardiovascular and other systems were examined in detail and the efficacy of countermeasures used was assessed. After flight, physiological systems were also followed very carefully.

[Review of main medical results of a one-year manned space mission on "Mir"].

The objective of medical investigations during and after the 366-day manned mission was to accumulate information about human responses to long-term effects of microgravity. To do this, cardiovascular and other systems were examined in detail during and after exposure. The results gave evidence that the crewmembers well adapted to the long-term flight effects.

[Characteristics of the medical support for aviation and space flight].

Comparison of the specific features of the environment and human activities in aviation and space flights allows us to distinguish the major relations in the system man--vehicle--environment as related to their medical support. It is concluded that in the aviation flight the man-vehicle interaction plays the leading role while in the space flight the man-environment interaction comes to the foreground. Having in view these differences, medical and professional selection, prediction, medical monitoring and medical support of pilots and cosmonauts are discussed.

[Basic results of the medical research performed during the flight of 2 crews on the "Saliut-5" orbital station].

The paper presents the results of medical examinations of the cosmonauts B. V. Volynov, V.

[Experimental evaluation of the relationship between lesser circulation engorgement, the state of water-salt metabolism and the orthostatic reactions in man].

In 12 series of short-term (4.5 hour) experiments the exposures that influenced the blood distribution relative to the long axis of the body (postural changes, lower body excessive pressure, lower body negative pressure, axial loads) were studied. A close correlation between the blood flow in lung capillaries, water losses and orthostatic responses was established.

Preliminary results of medical investigations during manned flights of the Salyut 4 orbital station.

In 1975 the Soviet Union performed two manned flights on board the orbital station Salyut 4. The first mission of 30 days was flown by A. A.