[Morphological features of jaw osteonecroses in injectable drug abuse].

Objective: To determine the characteristic features in the structure of jaw bone sections in patients with jaw osteonecrosis caused by the use of homemade methamphetamine (HM) synthesized by the Nagai method.

Material And Methods: The investigation material was jaw sequesters and resected sections in 60 patients, which had been taken during sanitizing surgery for chronic odontogenic osteomyelitis (Group 1, =30, a comparison group) and jaw osteonecrosis (Group 2, =30). All the patients in Group 2 confirmed that they had been using HM for at least 2 years.

[Epigenetic markers of early diagnostics of prostate cancer.].

The last 25 years, the prostate specific antigen (PSA) of the serum is used to diagnose prostate cancer. The experience of applying the PSA test showed its inconsistency as a diagnostic marker due to low cancerspecificity. Along with this, the next wave of biomarkers of prostate cancer appeared, which may supplement or, in due course, replace PSA due to higher sensitivity and cancerspecificity.

[THE EVOLUTION OF MARKERS OF PROSTATE CANCER].

The implementation of biochemical laboratory tests in oncology practice increased exponentially during last decades and continues to be in progress nowadays. The application of modern molecular genetic technologies permits using diagnostic systems with greater diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The new tests are actively implemented permitting to diagnose physical presence of tumor systemic manifestations of malignant neoplasm (cachexia, pyrexia), paraneoplastic syndromes and also to detect tumor markers.

[Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in prostate cancer using the technology of Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (HM450)].

Using the technology of DNA chips Infinium HumanMethylation 450 BeadChip it was analyzed quantitative DNA methylation status in 12 paired samples of prostate adenocarcinoma, and morphologically altered tissues. Analysis of differentially methylated regions of the genome showed an association with abnormal status for 21610 and 3852 hypomethylated hyper-methylated CpG sites. Dominance in the cancer genome hypermethylated sites and their predominant localization in the regulatory regions of genes indicate their possible role in the implementation of mechanisms of gene suppression in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa).

[Decalcification in histology laboratory techniques].

The paper describes a decalcification procedure that may be used in any histology laboratory handling bone samples for general and special purposes. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the major types of decalcifying agents, the principles of their choice for different types of objects, and the methods for determining the endpoint of decalcification.

How much formalin is enough to fix tissues?

A total of sixty samples from human breast, uterus, liver, skin and abdominal fat were fixed for 8; 24 and 48 hours at a room temperature of 20 to 22°C with neutral buffered formalin (NBF) with volume to tissue ratios of 1:1; 2:1; 5:1 and 10:1 and manually processed with isopropyl alcohol and mineral oil mixtures. All the slides prepared were evaluated as suitable for diagnostic purposes by nine pathologists from three different Russian histopathology institutions. The microtomy quality differences between the samples was not statistically significant for the different fixation volume ratios tested, but the differences between fixation periods and tissues types were, with 48 hours being the optimum fixation period, with skin and fat the most difficult to infiltrate.

[The first experience of external quality control of immunohistochemical studies in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases].

The paper presents the results of estimating the quality of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining in 36 pathologic laboratories of the Russian Federation. The results of IHC stains were assessed in 17 markers (CD3, CD5, CDIO, CD15, CD20, CD23, CD30, Bcl2, Bcl6, Pax5, TdT, Mum1, Cyclin D1, Ki-67, Kappa, Lambda, ALK), which are frequently used in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases, in the sections of specially formed tissue matrices. The study conducted in most participating laboratories has revealed the considerable IHC staining technology flaws that can critically affect the quality of diagnosis of lymphoproliferative diseases; the diagnostic capacities of some participating laboratories are inconsistent with the solved problems for a number of key antibodies being unavailable.

[Complete elimination of xylene in practice of a histology laboratory].

In the 1970s xylene was proven to be toxic to histology laboratory staff and its substitutes became available, many of which were no less so. Isopropanol (2-propanol) alone or mixed with molten paraffin is a technically suitable and cost-effective xylene substitute for tissue processing over many years. In this study, we demonstrate that mixtures of 5:1 and 2:1 isopropanol and mineral oil, followed by undiluted mineral oil (at 50 degrees C), are a gentler, safer and cheaper substitute than xylene.

Histology without xylene.

After the hazardous effects of xylene became indisputable in the 1970s, many potential substitutes became available, some with as many if not more hazards. This article discusses the inadequacy of 5 vegetable oils as substitutes, as well as the characteristics of 22 D-limonene-based substitutes, all less effective in their chemical role, some capable of inducing health problems, and costing more than twice as much as xylene. Some of the 35 alkane-based substitutes discussed are effective for tissue processing, less toxic, with a cost about the same as xylene, but are not very effective for dewaxing and other staining tasks.

[Ultrafine structure of Lpp-1 cyanophage-infected Plectonema boryanum cells].

The interaction of the cyanophage Lpp-1 with the trychomous blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum was studied. The stage of formation and maturation of phage particles was found to be preceded with the production of the DNA-phage pool similar in its morphology with that in trychomous bacteria of the order Caryophanales. Phagolysis of Pl.

[Conditions for formation of heteromorphic forms of Bacillus brevis and their cytology].

The conditions of formation of Bacillus brevis var. GB heteromorphous forms were studied both under natural conditions and in the course of action of various factors. Natural polymorphism of the culture is low.

[Structure and cell division of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum].

Our data on the structure of the blue-green alga Plectonema boryanum, as well as the analysis of the data of other authors, show that its cells resemble bacterial cells in the basic features of their fine structure (the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, nucleoid, membraneous formations, ribosomal apparatus). Besides the organelles typical of blue-green algae, organelles similar to mesosomes and formations looking like lysosomes were found in Pl. boryanum.

[Cytology of the microflora of yogurt].

Changes in the cell wall and various stages of lysis become manifested on the 1-2 day of development of the yogort bacteria. Heteromorphous individuals appear both in the culture of streptococci and rods. The nuclear apparatus of the yogort bacteria is exteremely polymorphous whereas in the streptococci it undergoes changes from compact nucleoids which are either round or crescent shaped or take the form of massive super-nuclei in heteromorphous individuals.

[New data on the karyology of formation of L forms of Proteus vulgaris].

The growth and development of the Proteus vulgaris culture as well as the process of formation of its L-forms were studied following the Pitzurra method on slides covered with an agar layer. The latter were kept upon inoculation in a vertical position in a moist chamber at 37 degrees C. On fixed and stained after Giemza preparations, it was possible to follow the consecutive stages of the cytoplasmic "hernia" formation due to the local disruption of the bacillary cell wall.