The treatment interventions and targets of cancer cachexia research during the past decade: a systematic review of the literature.

Background: Cachexia is a detrimental multifactorial syndrome that has been strongly associated with cancer. A growing body of data concerning its management is being generated from the ongoing advances of experimental cancer cachexia research. This study aimed to delineate the broad landscape of cancer cachexia research, by comprehensively presenting the treatment interventions and targets of cancer cachexia during the past decade.

Development of Spatial Memory: A Behavioral Study.

Although spatial memory has been widely studied in rodents, developmental studies involving humans are limited in number and sample size. We designed and studied the validity of two simple experimental setups for the evaluation of spatial memory and navigation development. The dataset of this study was composed of 496 schoolchildren, from 4 to 15 years old.

The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin exerts neuroprotective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity on primary neurons.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in several chronic pathological conditions, leading to cell death and injury. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have several overlapping mechanisms as they are both characterized by increased oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, and autophagy dysfunction. The objective of this study was to elucidate the possible neuroprotective effect of empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), against hydrogen peroxide-induced neurotoxicity in primary hippocampal neurons derived from wild-type (WT) and transgenic AD rats (TgF344-AD).

A Strategic Synthesis of Orange Waste-Derived Porous Carbon via a Freeze-Drying Method: Morphological Characterization and Cytocompatibility Evaluation.

Porous carbon materials from food waste have gained growing interest worldwide for multiple applications due to their natural abundance and the sustainability of the raw materials and the cost-effective synthetic processing. Herein, orange waste-derived porous carbon (OWPC) was developed through a freeze-drying method to prevent the demolition of the original biomass structure and then was pyrolyzed to create a large number of micro, meso and macro pores. The novelty of this work lies in the fact of using the macro-channels of the orange waste in order to create a macroporous network via the freeze-drying method which remains after the pyrolysis steps and creates space for the development of different types of porous in the micro and meso scale in a controlled way.

Clinical Impact of C-myc Oncogenic Diversity on Solid and Lymphoid Malignancies.

Introduction: Onset and progression of malignant tumors is a multistep process including a variety of gross chromosomal and specific genes' deregulation. Among oncogenes that are frequently altered in solid and also in hematological malignancies, the C-myc (gene locus: 8q24.21) plays a pivotal role.

Graphene oxide and oxidized carbon nanodiscs as biomedical scaffolds for the targeted delivery of quercetin to cancer cells.

Targeting cancer cells without affecting normal cells poses a particular challenge. Nevertheless, the utilization of innovative nanomaterials in targeted cancer therapy has witnessed significant growth in recent years. In this study, we examined two layered carbon nanomaterials, graphene and carbon nanodiscs (CNDs), both of which possess extraordinary physicochemical and structural properties alongside their nano-scale dimensions, and explored their potential as nanocarriers for quercetin, a bioactive flavonoid known for its potent anticancer properties.

Comparative Analysis of External and Internal Radiotherapy- Dependent Plans in Patients with Gynecological Cancer.

Background/aim: Radiotherapy plays a key role in the treatment of gynecological cancer. Modern radiotherapy techniques with external beams (e-RT) are applied in a broad spectrum of gynecological cancer cases. However, high radiation doses, affecting normal tissue adjacent to cancer, represent the main disadvantage of e-RT regimens.

Firing Alterations of Neurons in Alzheimer's Disease: Are They Merely a Consequence of Pathogenesis or a Pivotal Component of Disease Progression?

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, yet its underlying causes remain elusive. The conventional perspective on disease pathogenesis attributes alterations in neuronal excitability to molecular changes resulting in synaptic dysfunction. Early hyperexcitability is succeeded by a progressive cessation of electrical activity in neurons, with amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers and tau protein hyperphosphorylation identified as the initial events leading to hyperactivity.

Longitudinal Muscle Biopsies Reveal Inter- and Intra-Subject Variability in Cancer Cachexia: Paving the Way for Biopsy-Guided Tailored Treatment.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of cancer cachexia research, the development and refinement of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers constitute an ongoing challenge. This study aims to introduce longitudinal muscle biopsies as a potential framework for disease monitoring and treatment. The initial feasibility and safety assessment was performed for healthy mice and rats that received two consecutive muscle biopsies.

Comparative Expression Analysis of Tumor Suppressor and Oncogene in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma.

Background/aim: The tumor protein 53 (TP53) tumor suppressor protein (17p13.1) acts as a significant regulator for the cell cycle normal function. The gene is frequently mutated in colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) patients and is associated to poor prognosis and low response rates to chemo-targeted therapy.

Enhancement of the biological activity of hydroxytyrosol through its oxidation by laccase from Trametes versicolor.

The laccase-catalyzed oxidation of hydroxytyrosol (HT) towards the formation of its bioactive oligomer derivatives was investigated. The biocatalytic oligomerization was catalyzed by laccase from Trametes versicolor in aqueous or various water-miscible organic solvents and deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based media. Mass Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance were used for the characterization of the products.

Cell replacement therapy with stem cells in multiple sclerosis, a systematic review.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by demyelination and axonal loss. It is induced by attack of autoreactive lymphocytes on the myelin sheath and endogenous remyelination failure, eventually leading to accumulation of neurological disability. Disease-modifying agents can successfully address inflammatory relapses, but have low efficacy in progressive forms of MS, and cannot stop the progressive neurodegenerative process.

Effect of Highly Hydrophilic Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Macrophage Function and Survival.

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have garnered significant attention in the medical sector due to their exceptional superparamagnetic properties and reliable tracking capabilities. In this study, we investigated the immunotoxicity of SPIONs with a modified surface to enhance hydrophilicity and prevent aggregate formation. The synthesized SPIONs exhibited a remarkably small size (~4 nm) and underwent surface modification using a novel "haircut" reaction strategy.

Hydroxytyrosol produced by engineered strains activates Nrf2/HO-1 pathway: An and study.

This study explores the biological effects of hydroxytyrosol (HT), produced by the metabolic engineering of , in a series of and experiments. In particular, a metabolically engineered strain capable of producing HT was constructed and utilized. HEK293 and HeLa cells were exposed to purified HT to determine non-toxic doses that can offer protection against oxidative stress (activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway).

Impact of Amplified Oncogenes on Salivary Gland Carcinomas.

In normal epithelia, proto-oncogenes regulate critical intra- or intercellular functions, including cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, and signaling transduction from the cell periphery (extracellular space) to the nucleus mediated by different pathways. Oncogenes are the mutated or amplified forms of the corresponding proto-oncogenes that are crucially involved in cell neoplastic and malignant transformation during carcinogenesis. Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) demonstrate a variety of histogenetic types.

Mutational Signatures in Salivary Gland Carcinomas.

Salivary gland carcinomas belong to the head and neck carcinoma super category of malignancies. They are characterized by histopathological diversity and comprise a variety of entities and subtypes. Mucoepidermoid, adenoid cystic and salivary duct carcinomas represent the most prominent malignancies.

Glioblastoma research on zebrafish xenograft models: a systematic review.

Glioblastoma (GBM) constitutes the most common primary brain tumor in adults. The challenges in GBM therapeutics have shed light on zebrafish used as a promising animal model for preclinical GBM xenograft studies without a standardized methodology. This systematic review aims to summarize the advances in zebrafish GBM xenografting, compare research protocols to pinpoint advantages and underlying limitations, and designate the predominant xenografting parameters.

Cellular Localization of Orexin 1 Receptor in Human Hypothalamus and Morphological Analysis of Neurons Expressing the Receptor.

The orexin system is related to food behavior, energy balance, wakefulness and the reward system. It consists of the neuropeptides orexin A and B, and their receptors, orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) and orexin 2 receptor (OX2R). OX1R has selective affinity for orexin A, and is implicated in multiple functions, such as reward, emotions, and autonomic regulation.

Calpain-mediated Mechanoptosis in Breast Adenocarcinoma.

Calpains belong to a family of important calcium-dependent cysteine proteases. They are involved in intracellular processes including cytoskeleton disorganization and substrate proteolysis. They also enhance apoptosis and cell to cell adhesion.

Clinical Evaluation in Parkinson's Disease: Is the Golden Standard Shiny Enough?

Parkinson's disease (PD) has become the second most common neurodegenerative condition following Alzheimer's disease (AD), exhibiting high prevalence and incident rates. Current care strategies for PD patients include brief appointments, which are sparsely allocated, at outpatient clinics, where, in the best case scenario, expert neurologists evaluate disease progression using established rating scales and patient-reported questionnaires, which have interpretability issues and are subject to recall bias. In this context, artificial-intelligence-driven telehealth solutions, such as wearable devices, have the potential to improve patient care and support physicians to manage PD more effectively by monitoring patients in their familiar environment in an objective manner.

Does Green Exfoliation of Graphene Produce More Biocompatible Structures?

Graphene has been studied thoroughly for its use in biomedical applications over the last decades. A crucial factor for a material to be used in such applications is its biocompatibility. Various factors affect the biocompatibility and toxicity of graphene structures, including lateral size, number of layers, surface functionalization, and way of production.

Oral Supplementation with Hydroxytyrosol Synthesized Using Genetically Modified Strains and Essential Oils Mixture: A Pilot Study on the Safety and Biological Activity.

Several natural compounds have been explored as immune-boosting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory dietary supplements. Amongst them, hydroxytyrosol, a natural antioxidant found in olive products, and endemic medicinal plants have attracted the scientific community's and industry's interest. We investigated the safety and biological activity of a standardised supplement containing 10 mg of hydroxytyrosol synthesized using genetically modified strains and equal amounts (8.