Immune mapping of human tuberculosis and sarcoidosis lung granulomas.

Tuberculosis (TB) and sarcoidosis are both granulomatous diseases. Here, we compared the immunological microenvironments of granulomas from TB and sarcoidosis patients using sequencing (ISS) transcriptomic analysis and multiplexed immunolabeling of tissue sections. TB lesions consisted of large necrotic and cellular granulomas, whereas "multifocal" granulomas with macrophages or epitheloid cell core and a T-cell rim were observed in sarcoidosis samples.

National Cancer Registry of Pakistan: First Comprehensive Report of Cancer Statistics 2015-2019.

Objective: To compile a comprehensive national cancer registry report of Pakistan by merging and analysing cancer registration data received from major functional cancer registries in various parts of Pakistan.

Study Design: Observational study. Place and Duration of the Study: Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Islamabad, from 2015-2019.

Karachi Cancer Registry (KCR): Consolidated Data of 5-years 2017-2021.

Objective:  To collect and analyse epidemiologic data of all malignancies by age group and gender for the Karachi population to estimate the cancer incidence of 5-years (2017-2021) and identify major risk factors for setting priorities towards cancer control programs.

Study Design: Observational study. Place and Duration of the Study: Karachi Cancer Registry (KCR) Secretariat, Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC), JPMC, Karachi, from 2017-2021.

National cervical cancer burden estimation through systematic review and analysis of publicly available data in Pakistan.

Background: Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Paucity of data on cervical cancer burden in countries like Pakistan hamper requisite resource allocation.

Objective: To estimate the burden of cervical cancer in Pakistan using available data sources.

Correlation of predisposing factors and Esophageal Malignancy in high risk population of Baluchistan.

Objectives: To determine frequency of esophageal malignancy in Balochistan and to evaluate its correlation with predisposing and dietary factors.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from Jan 2019 to Dec 2020, at two tertiary care hospital of Quetta which caters to the entire population of province. The total number of 207 cases of esophageal biopsies were received and morphological diagnosis done by H&E staining.

Super-enhancer-based identification of a BATF3/IL-2R-module reveals vulnerabilities in anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), an aggressive CD30-positive T-cell lymphoma, comprises systemic anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive, and ALK-negative, primary cutaneous and breast implant-associated ALCL. Prognosis of some ALCL subgroups is still unsatisfactory, and already in second line effective treatment options are lacking. To identify genes defining ALCL cell state and dependencies, we here characterize super-enhancer regions by genome-wide H3K27ac ChIP-seq.

Flow Cytometric Analysis of ZAP-70 Protein Expression for B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Prognostication: Usefulness and Limitations.

Objectives: The heterogenous clinical course in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) can be linked to several genetic and phenotypic characteristics of malignant B-cells. Prognostic analysis in B-CLL is routinely carried out to assist patient management; particularly to predict the time to initiate treatment. Increased ZAP-70 expression is a surrogate marker for unmutated immunoglobulin genes and inferior clinical outcomes which can be quantified to predict future outcomes in B-CLL patients.

Frequency and genotype distribution of high risk human papillomavirus in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Introduction: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a dismal disease exhibiting striking geographical differences in its incidence. It is multifactorial in origin. Among infectious agents, human papillomavirus (HPV) was introduced as a possible causative agent in the development of ESCC in 1982.

Karachi Cancer Registry (KCR): Age-Standardized Incidence Rate by Age-Group and Gender in a Mega City of Pakistan.

Objectives: To estimate the cancer incidence by age group and gender for the population of Karachi Division by analyzing the Karachi Cancer Registry data of 2017-19.

Settings: The population of Karachi division is 16.1 million according to national census 2017.

Frequency of Translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in Histologically and Immunohistochemically Diagnosed Cases of Ewing's Sarcoma.

Introduction Ewing sarcoma (ES) family of tumors is one of the most common groups of malignancies arising in children, adolescents, and young adults. Although characteristic histology with immunohistochemical expression of CD99 and FLI1 after exclusion of other small round blue cell tumors is considered diagnostic of ES, frequency of typical ES translocation, i.e.

Oral cancer: Clinicopathological features and associated risk factors in a high risk population presenting to a major tertiary care center in Pakistan.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has the highest prevalence in head and neck cancers and is the first and second most common cancer in males and females of Pakistan respectively. Major risk factors include peculiar chewing habits like areca nut, betel quid, and tobacco. The majority of OSCC presents at an advanced stage with poor prognosis.

IL10RA modulates crizotinib sensitivity in NPM1-ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T-cell malignancy predominantly driven by a hyperactive anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion protein. ALK inhibitors, such as crizotinib, provide alternatives to standard chemotherapy with reduced toxicity and side effects. Children with lymphomas driven by nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1)-ALK fusion proteins achieved an objective response rate to ALK inhibition therapy of 54% to 90% in clinical trials; however, a subset of patients progressed within the first 3 months of treatment.

Frequency of Transducer-like Enhancer of Split 1 Immunohistochemical Expression in Synovial Sarcoma: An Institution-based Cross-sectional Study.

Background Soft-tissue sarcomas comprise a diverse group of sarcomas with characteristic histologic features. However, histology alone is not adequate for a definitive diagnosis for many tumors. In such cases, immunohistochemistry (IHC) plays a key role in determining the line of differentiation and exact characterization.

Expression analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 in patients suffering from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the aggressive malignancies and mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain unclear. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme system plays a crucial role in many gastrointestinal malignancies and is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and transformation. More precise outcome of COX-2 in ESCC is less investigated.

HER2 Basolateral versus Circumferential IHC Expression Is Dependent on Polarity and Differentiation of Epithelial Cells in Gastric/GE Adenocarcinoma.

Aim: Antigenic expression in epithelial cells can be heterogeneous which may pose a problem in immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of tumor markers, in particular, predictive markers like HER2. Studies have shown that epithelial cells have distinct apical and basolateral domains which are separated by tight junctions. The cell membrane in these two domains has a different composition of macromolecules and hence can have variable antigen expression on immunohistochemistry.

Frequency of ALK Rearrangement by FISH Testing and its Correlation with ALK-IHC in Adenocarcinoma of Primary Lung Origin.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene can be oncogenic either by forming fusion with other genes, amplification of the gene or by having mutations. ALK rearrangement can either be detected by standard “fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)” or “immunohistochemistry (IHC)”. Objective of this study was to record the prevalence of ALK rearrangement in adenocarcinoma of Primary Lung origin and compare it with ALK-IHC staining.

Nigella sativa Oil Reduces Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)-Like Behavior in Haloperidol-Treated Rats.

The symptoms of Parkinsonism and oral dyskinesia have been showing to be induced by neuroleptics that significantly affect its clinical use. In this study, we investigate whether Nigella sativa-oil (NS) (black cumin seeds)-a traditional medicine used for the seizure treatment in eastern country-may reduce the haloperidol (HAL)-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)-like behavior in rats. After combine treatment with HAL (1 mg/kg) on NS (0.

Young man with dyspnoea for 6 months; presenting with subacute tracheal obstruction due to leiomyoma.

Tracheal leiomyoma is a rare benign tumour with less than a 100 cases reported in the literature. We report a case of leiomyoma initially presenting and being treated as asthma until it lead to life-threatening tracheal obstruction, requiring immediate surgical intervention.

Three siblings with familial non-medullary thyroid carcinoma: a case series.

Background: In 2015, thyroid carcinoma affected approximately 63,000 people in the USA, yet it remains one of the most treatable cancers. It is mainly classified into medullary and non-medullary types. Conventionally, medullary carcinoma was associated with heritability but increasing reports have now begun to associate non-medullary thyroid carcinoma with a genetic predisposition as well.

Commonest Cancers in Pakistan - Findings and Histopathological Perspective from a Premier Surgical Pathology Center in Pakistan.

Context: There are no recent authoritative data about incidence and prevalence of various types of cancers in Pakistan.

Aim: To determine the frequency of malignant tumors seen in our practice and provide a foundation for building a comprehensive cancer care strategy.

Materials And Methods: 10,000 successive cases of solid malignant tumors reported in 2014 were included.

"Looks Can Be Deceiving": Adrenal Teratoma Causing Diagnostic Difficulty.

Teratomas are unusual tumours that derived from totipotent cells with their origin from more than one or usually all three germ cells. Here authors are presenting a case of primary retroperitoneal tumour that is a rare clinical entity. A 19-year-old male presented with right lumbar pain and was found to have complex cyst with large calcification in right adrenal gland on imaging.

Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 and chemokine (C-X-C Motif) receptor 3 expressions are associated with caseous necrosis in granulomas from patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis.

We investigated the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) and SOCS3 molecules in lymph nodes from tuberculous lymphadenitis patients (LNTB). Fewer T cells were noted in LNTB cases, which also had raised chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3) levels. In addition, we observed a positive correlation between CXCR3 and SOCS1 expression.

Ki-67 Labeling Indices in 'Classic' versus 'Blastoid' Mantle Cell Lymphomas--Proposed Cutoff Values for Routine Diagnostic Workup.

Background: Mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL) is a unique entity of peripheral B-cell lymphoma that has a discrete morphologic, immunologic, and genetic phenotype, with more common 'classic' and less frequent 'blastoid' and 'pleomorphic' variants, associated with an aggressive clinical course. The aim of this study was to analyze proliferation (Ki-67) indices of 'classic' (c-MCL) and 'blastoid' (b-MCL) variants of a cohort of MCL and to suggest cut off values for the Ki-67 proliferation index in these two subsets.

Materials And Methods: MCL cases diagnosed over 4 1/2 years at Section of Histopathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi were retrieved and reviewed.

Differential Expression of Cytokeratin 13 in Non-Neoplastic, Dysplastic and Neoplastic Oral Mucosa in a High Risk Pakistani Population.

Background: Gradual loss of cytokeratin 13 (CK13) may be linked with the severity of dysplastic changes and transformation to malignancy. In this study we assessed the differential expression of CK13 in normal, hyperplastic, dysplastic and cancerous oral mucosa.

Materials And Methods: A total of 93 oral biopsies were collected during the 2011-2014 period.