Establishment of patient-derived xenografts of retinoblastoma and choroidal melanoma on the avian chorioallantoic membrane.

Purpose: To develop a viable in vivo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model to study the growth and invasion of patient-derived retinoblastoma (RB) and choroidal melanoma (CM) xenografts (PDXs). The study utilizes primary tumor samples instead of cancer cell lines, which provides a more authentic representation of tumors due to conserved morphology and heterogeneity.

Methods: Fertilized chicken eggs were procured, windowed, and their CAM layers were dropped.

Microbial Journey: Mount Everest to Mars.

A rigorous exploration of microbial diversity has revealed its presence on Earth, deep oceans, and vast space. The presence of microbial life in diverse environmental conditions, ranging from moderate to extreme temperature, pH, salinity, oxygen, radiations, and altitudes, has provided the necessary impetus to search for them by extending the limits of their habitats. Microbiology started as a distinct science in the mid-nineteenth century and has provided inputs for the betterment of mankind during the last 150 years.

Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma, validation of AJCC 8th edition T staging- a retrospective study from North India.

Purpose: This study compares the 8th edition staging of AJCC for prognosis of eyelid Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma (SGC) patients with respect to the 7th edition.

Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken over a period of 100 months. Ninety-nine histopathologically proven cases of eyelid SGC available for follow-up were recruited.

Immunohistochemical and mutational status of telomerase reverse transcriptase in conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose: Mutations in human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) are associated with increased telomerase activity in cutaneous melanomas. Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, also referred to as ocular surface squamous cell carcinoma, is cancer on the surface of the eye. Recent studies have identified UV signat`ure mutations in TERT promoters in ocular melanoma and ocular surface squamous neoplasia.

Evaluation of PD-L1 and PD-1 expression in aggressive eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma and its clinical significance.

Purpose: Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) is an aggressive but rare malignancy of ocular region. Over-expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 has been demonstrated in a variety of solid tumors including conjunctival melanoma. PD-L1 is an immunoinhibitory molecule that suppresses the effective T cells response against tumor antigen leading to the progression of tumors.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of stress-responsive protein sestrin2 and its correlation with p53 mutational status in eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma.

Background: p53 is a stress-activated tumour suppressor gene, and its mutation has been associated with solid tumours including non-melanoma skin cancers. Sestrin2 expression is associated with DNA damage and oxidative stress and has been described as a downstream target of p53 network. However, its role in sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) remains unexplored.

Immunohistochemical expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis in eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma predicts a worse prognosis.

Purpose: Overexpression of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins have been demonstrated in a variety and of solid tumors including melanomas and nonmelanomas skin cancers. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is an inhibitor of apoptosis which prevents apoptosis by inhibiting caspases 9, 7, and 3. The prognostic value of XIAP in sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) remains unexplored.

Clinical relevance of cyclooxygenase 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma.

Aims: Sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) is a malignancy associated with the pilosebaceous unit, and occurs at ocular or non-ocular sites. Cyclooxygenases (COXs) are enzymes that are crucial for lipid metabolism. COX-2 is overexpressed in various cancers, and its inhibition by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is known to reduce the risk of many cancers.

Does β-catenin have a role in pathogenesis of sebaceous cell carcinoma of the eyelid?

Aim: Expression of β-catenin in sebaceous cell carcinoma (SbCC) of the eyelid and its correlation with histopathological features.

Method: 48 cases of SbCC were analysed immunohistochemically using monoclonal β-catenin antibody and the results correlated with tumour size, histopathological differentiation, orbital invasion and pagetoid spread.

Results: Cytoplasmic overexpression of β-catenin was seen in 66% cases of SbCC which correlated positively with tumour size, orbital invasion and pagetoid spread.