Premenopausal and postmenopausal women during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The current global COVID-19 mortality rate is estimated to be around 3.4%; however, it is dependent on age, sex, and comorbidities. Epidemiological evidence shows gender disparities in COVID-19 severity and fatality, with non-menopausal females having milder severity and better outcomes than age-matched males.

Postmenopausal women in gynecological care.

Menopause is one of the most important events in the female reproductive life cycle, being a transition from the reproductive to the nonreproductive stage. It is a milestone that may have a negative influence on quality of life and one that brings in several physiological changes that affect the life of a woman permanently. According to a Polish epidemiological forecast, in 2050 the average female life expectancy will be 87.

Effect of transdermal hormone therapy on platelet haemostasis in menopausal women.

Introduction: Despite the undeniably positive effect on the quality of life of menopausal women, menopausal hormone therapy (HT) also has negative side-effects, which include, among others, thromboembolic complications.

Objective: To assess the effect of a popular type of this therapy - transdermal HT on platelet hemostasis, which plays a significant role in intravascular coagulation.

Materials And Method: The study group consisted of 92 postmenopausal women: 1) group G1 (n=30), treated with transdermal HT (17β-estradiol 50 μg/day plus NETA 170 μg/day); 2) group G2 (n=31), treated with the above transdermal HT and low dosage of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA); 3) control group P (n=31).

Association between MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism and endometrial cancer risk in Polish women.

The prognostic value of the MDM2 gene amplification/expression in many types of cancer remains unclear. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MDM2 gene have been shown to alter the protein expression and thus, may play a role in carcinogenesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between the risk of endometrial cancer and SNP309 polymorphisms in the MDM2 gene.

Analysis of the polymorphisms in non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) gene Ku70 and Ligase IV in sporadic breast cancer in women.

Purpose: Breast cancer is one of the major killers worldwide. Aberrant double-stranded break (DSB) repair leads to genomic instability, which is a hallmark of malignant cells. Double-stranded breaks are repaired in two pathways: homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ).

Estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) gene polymorphism in patients from the Lodz region of Poland with sporadic endometrial cancer.

Objective: Estrogens play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of endometrial cancer. The gene ER-alpha is polymorphic and gene variability could contribute to the level of protein biosynthesis.

Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate PvuII and XbaI polymorphism of the ER-alpha gene in 120 postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer in DNA samples obtained from cancer tissue.

[Dynamic sequences of MR in evaluation of anatomy and function of pelvic floor by perimenopausal women].

Unlabelled: Pelvic organ prolapse is one of the most common disorders and it concerns over 50% of women over the age of fifty who gave birth.

Background: The purpose of this study was to establish a clinically useful protocol of MR investigation in the assessment of pelvic organs position changes during rest and in time of Velsalva test

Objective: The material includes 17 postmenopausal women (48- 59-years-old) who were examined due of lumbosacralis discopathy in MR division of USK 1 in Lodz since 2007. The examination was extended to pelvic organs imaging with the help of Velsalva test.

[The analysis of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) gene Pvull and Xbal polymorphisms in postmenopausal women with breast cancer].

Unlabelled: Estrogens play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of breast and endometrial cancer. The gene ER-alpha is polymorphic and gene variability could contribute to the level of protein biosynthesis. In the present work the distribution of genotypes and frequency of alleles of the Pvull polymorphism and Xbal polymorphism of ER-alpha gene in subjects with breast cancer were investigated.

Joint position statement of the Polish Cardiologic Society, the Polish Gynaecological Society and the Polish Menopause and Andropause Society on the effect of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on the cardiovascular system.

The group of experts representing the Polish Cardiologic Society, the Polish Gynecological Society and the Polish Menopause and Andropause Society has issued this Joint Position Statement based on the review of available literature on the effect of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on the cardiovascular system. The results of older clinical and epidemiological studies are confronted with the most recently published data. The importance of type, doses and delivery route of hormones is discussed with respect to the cardiovascular safety of HRT.

[New views on hyperplastic endometrial lesions classification--endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN)].

The aim of the study was to present a new EIN classification of premalignant endometrial lesions. The diagnosis of precancerous disease of the endometrium remains non-standardized because the most widely used World Health Organisation classification is a poorly reproducible system, which does not specify objective architectural criteria for each category of hyperplasia and does not correspond to an appropriate clinical management (undertreatment, overtreatment of the lesions). The new proposed EIN diagnostic schema, based on integrated morphological, genetic molecular, objective histomorphometric (D-score) and clinical outcome studies, divides endometrial lesions into three categories: benign hyperplasia, endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia, and cancer.

Ser326Cys polymorphism in DNA repair genes hOGG1 in breast cancer women.

Reduced DNA repair capacity can render a high risk of developing many types of cancer; including breast cancer. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may contribute the genetic instability and carcinogenesis. In the present work the distribution of genotypes and frequency of alleles of the Ser326Cys polymorphism of hOGG1 gene in breast cancer women were analysed.

Microsatellite instability (MSI) and MLH1 and MSH2 protein expression analysis in postmenopausal women with sporadic endometrial cancer.

Microsatellite instability (MSI) seems to be important for the development of various human cancers including sporadic endometrial cancer. The aim of this study was evaluation of microsatellite instability in 60 postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer in DNA samples obtained from cancer tissue and blood of the same patients. Control DNA was obtained from normal endometrial tissue (n = 70).

MMAC/PTEN gene expression in endometrial cancer: RT-PCR studies.

Mutations in the MMAC/PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) gene are documented in cancers of the breast, prostate, ovary, colon, melanoma, glioblastoma, lymphoma and endometrium. In the present work MMAC/PTEN gene expression in women with endometrial adenocarcinoma (n=70) in RNA samples obtained from cancer tissue were investigated. Control DNA was obtained from 68 normal endometrial tissue.

[Menopause - facts and controversies].

Menopausal period induces some hormonal changes in female organism. These alterations are responsible for many illnesses and ailments - e.g.

An association between the Trp64Arg polymorphism in the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene and endometrial cancer and obesity.

Beta3-adrenergic receptor (beta3AR) stimulates lipolysis in human fat cells, so its gene can constitute a candidate to explain a part of genetic predisposition to human obesity and related disorders. The Trp64Arg polymorphism in the beta3AR gene has been reported to be associated with insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes; little is known about its possible association with cancer. To check this association we determined the distribution of its genotypes and frequency of alleles in endometrial cancer patients with or without overweight/obesity as compared to appropriate controls.

[The impact of hormone replacement therapy applied in women with varicose vein on changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis].

Unlabelled: In fifty two postmenopausal women (study group: n = 20 with varicose vein; controls: n = 32) with climacteric symptoms some changes in fibrinolytic and coagulative parameters were measured during six months of HRT consisted of transdermal oestradiol (17 beta-E2) and oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Additionally, sonographic examinations of the venous system of pelvis minor and low extremities were performed three times in every women--at baseline, in the 3rd and the 6th month of the trial. In the 3rd month the varicose vein group exhibited lowered INR and t-PA, but the in 6th month increased D-dimer as compared to the controls.

[Evaluation of endometrial biopsy in postmenopausal women before HRT].

Unlabelled: One of the reasons for not commencing or withdrawal of HRT in women is their fear for breast and endometrial cancers. Does ultrasonographic valuation guarantee sufficiently patient's safety? Most investigators do not recommend further endometrial diagnostics with endometrial thickness less than 4 mm. Endometrial biopsy is advised in cases of irregular uterine bleedings with normal endometrial image or when any endometrial pathology is suspected.

Hemostatic variables, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid profile in women with low body mass index.

The aim of this study was to evaluate hemostatic variables in women according to different body mass index (BMI) values, and then correlate them with some metabolic parameters - fasting insulin and glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides. Eighty-four female patients aged 18-39 years were recruited, and agreed to participate in the study. The study group was divided into three subgroups according to BMI: low BMI (BMI < 18.