Are women living with HIV prone to osteoporosis in postmenopause? A systematic review.

Background: Some researchers have suggested that HIV infections can increase the cytokines, which might interfere with the bone metabolism and increase the risk of bone mass loss. However, this issue has yet to be consolidated in postmenopausal women.

Objective: To analyze studies that evaluated the loss of bone mass through DEXA in women living with HIV.

Microperforated hymen: a case of delayed diagnosis.

Although the incidence of microperforated hymen (MH) is unclear, this hymenal subocclusive anomaly is considered a rare entity. Differently from imperforated hymen, MH may be asymptomatic until puberty when the women's quality of life is jeopardized. Depending on the size of the microperforation, MH's clinical features me be very similar to those found in imperforated hymen cases.