Publications by authors named "Perminder S Sachdev"

As the numbers of older adults continue to increase globally, the need for facilitating healthy aging has become critical. While a physically healthy lifestyle, including exercise and diet, is important, recent research has highlighted a major impact of psychosocial determinants of health, such as resilience, wisdom, positive social connections, and mental well-being, on whole health. This article focuses on keeping the mind and brain healthy with psychosocially active aging.

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Beneficial associations between higher fruit and vegetable intakes and risk of depression appear to exist but few studies have focused on adults aged 45 + years and the potential that associations are due to residual confounding has not been tested. This longitudinal study of twins (n = 3483, age 45-90 years) from Australia, Denmark, Sweden and USA, assessed the associations between baseline fruit/vegetable intake and depressive symptoms over 5-11 years using linear mixed effects models. Intakes from food frequency questionnaires were trichotomized.

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  • White matter hyperintensities (WMH) increase with age and vary significantly between individuals, prompting the need for age- and sex-specific data for better assessment.
  • This study pooled data from nearly 15,000 healthy individuals aged 18-97 to analyze WMH volumes using MRI and established centile curves based on age and sex.
  • Findings reveal that WMH volumes increase significantly with age, with females having larger volumes, and these changes follow different patterns based on specific white matter locations, providing valuable normative data for clinical interpretations.
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Background: We aimed to develop risk tools for dementia, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and diabetes, for adults aged ≥ 65 years using shared risk factors.

Methods: Data were obtained from 10 population-based cohorts (N = 41,755) with median follow-up time (years) for dementia, stroke, MI, and diabetes of 6.2, 7.

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  • Anxiety is common after ischemic stroke, with a prevalence of 35%, and more pronounced in females.
  • The study analyzed data from 584 patients, finding that those with post-stroke anxiety often had lower education levels, more severe strokes, and higher rates of depression and cognitive impairment.
  • The findings highlight the connection between post-stroke anxiety and cognitive issues, suggesting that individuals with cognitive impairments are more likely to experience anxiety after a stroke.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative condition that affects memory and cognition, characterized by neuronal loss and currently lacking a cure. Mutations in (Presenilin 1) are among the most common causes of early-onset familial AD (fAD). While changes in neuronal excitability are believed to be early indicators of AD progression, the link between mutations and neuronal excitability remains to be fully elucidated.

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  • Subcortical brain structures play a crucial role in various developmental and psychiatric disorders, and a study analyzed brain volumes in 74,898 individuals, identifying 254 genetic loci linked to these volumes, which accounted for up to 35% of variation.
  • The research included exploring gene expression in specific neural cell types, focusing on genes involved in intracellular signaling and processes related to brain aging.
  • The findings suggest that certain genetic variants not only influence brain volume but also have potential causal links to conditions like Parkinson’s disease and ADHD, highlighting the genetic basis for risks associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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  • The SKT is a cognitive test that evaluates memory and mental processing speed, and recent updates in 2019 established new standards for its use in English.
  • This study aimed to set valid cut-off scores to differentiate between no cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia, and to validate these norms against a sample of older adults with clinical diagnoses.
  • Results showed the SKT has an 80.6% sensitivity for identifying cognitive impairment, indicating it is an effective tool for detecting early stages of cognitive issues among older adults.
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  • Subcortical brain structures play a crucial role in various disorders, and a study analyzed the genetic basis of brain volumes in nearly 75,000 individuals of European ancestry, revealing 254 loci linked to these volumes.
  • The research identified significant gene expression in neural cells, relating to brain aging and signaling, and found that polygenic scores could predict brain volumes across different ancestries.
  • The study highlights genetic connections between brain volumes and conditions like Parkinson's disease and ADHD, suggesting specific gene expression patterns could be involved in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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  • Poststroke cognitive impairment is common, but the exact changes in cognitive function following a first stroke compared to pre-stroke levels are not fully understood.
  • The study aimed to track cognitive performance over time in stroke survivors versus individuals without strokes, using data from 14 international cohorts of older adults.
  • Results showed that incident stroke led to a significant immediate drop in overall cognitive skills and accelerated decline in cognitive abilities over time.
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Background: We conducted a secondary analysis of a cohort study to examine the World Falls Guidelines algorithm's ability to stratify older people into sizable fall risk groups or whether minor modifications were necessary to achieve this.

Methods: Six hundred and ninety-three community-living people aged 70-90 years (52.4% women) were stratified into low, intermediate and high fall risk groups using the original algorithm and a modified algorithm applying broader Timed Up and Go test screening with a >10-s cut point (originally >15 s).

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  • The study investigates how cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) and depression affect cognitive function in older adults, aiming to understand their individual and combined impacts.
  • It harmonizes data from 14 international cohort studies and utilizes various scales to assess CMM and depression among participants who did not have dementia at the start of the study.
  • Findings include the analysis of over 30,000 older adults, revealing that both CMM and depression are linked to cognitive decline, with further validation through additional studies across different settings.
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  • The study investigated how individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia perform on social cognition tests, comparing these results to those without cognitive impairment.
  • It involved a cross-sectional analysis of 321 older adults aged 80 and above, utilizing various social cognitive assessment tools and screening for levels of apathy and neurocognitive function.
  • Findings indicated that participants with dementia showed notably worse social cognitive abilities compared to those with MCI and no cognitive impairment, particularly in emotional recognition and perspective-taking tasks.
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Background: Urban neighbourhood environments may impact older adults' cognitive health. However, longitudinal studies examining key environmental correlates of cognitive health are lacking. We estimated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of neighbourhood built and natural environments and ambient air pollution with multiple cognitive health outcomes in Australian urban dwellers aged 60+ years.

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  • Previous studies suggest that using antihypertensive medication in older adults may lower the overall risk of dementia, but the effects on different types of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD), are still uncertain.
  • This research analyzed data from over 31,000 participants across multiple countries, focusing on how history of hypertension and blood pressure levels impact the risk of developing AD and non-AD types of dementia.
  • The findings indicated that untreated hypertension significantly increases the risk of developing AD and non-AD dementia compared to healthy individuals, while treated hypertension showed a similar risk for non-AD but not a significant difference between treated and untreated groups.
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Down syndrome regression disorder (DSRD) is a rare condition involving subacute cognitive decline, loss of previously acquired developmental skills, and prominent neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly catatonia, in people with Down syndrome. It is thought to involve both autoimmune and neuropsychiatric mechanisms. Research, however, is largely restricted to case studies and retrospective case series and is particularly limited in terms of prospective longitudinal follow-up.

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  • Structural neuroimaging studies reveal both common and disorder-specific gray matter deficits across various psychiatric conditions.
  • Large-scale data pooling helps identify potential neuroanatomical factors linked to mental illness vulnerability, although data-sharing faces significant challenges.
  • Using a federated analysis across eight research sites, the study found overlapping gray matter patterns in schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, suggesting shared cortical and subcortical vulnerabilities.
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Background: Few studies evaluated the contribution of long-term elevated blood pressure (BP) towards dementia and deaths. We examined the association between cumulative BP (cBP) load and dementia, cognitive decline, all-cause and cardiovascular deaths in older Australians. We also explored whether seated versus standing BP were associated with these outcomes.

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  • The study looked at how people aged 95 and older, called centenarians, stay healthy and live long lives.
  • They found 34 studies that showed most centenarians live in rural areas, are mostly women, and have a balanced diet with low smoking and drinking habits.
  • The research highlighted that good diet, weight control, and factors like sleep and living in the countryside help them age successfully.
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Structural neuroimaging data have been used to compute an estimate of the biological age of the brain (brain-age) which has been associated with other biologically and behaviorally meaningful measures of brain development and aging. The ongoing research interest in brain-age has highlighted the need for robust and publicly available brain-age models pre-trained on data from large samples of healthy individuals. To address this need we have previously released a developmental brain-age model.

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  • * Researchers analyzed data from 108 older individuals without dementia, finding that those with the Met allele had significantly lower volumes in key brain areas related to memory and cognition compared to those with the Val/Val genotype.
  • * While the study found some correlations between visual and cognitive metrics, it concluded that the BDNF polymorphism specifically influences certain brain regions linked to aging but did not significantly affect overall cognitive performance or other brain measures.
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  • Functional neurological symptom disorder (FND) involves neurological symptoms that don’t align with established medical conditions, is prevalent in neurology clinics, and poses challenges in accessing specialized care in Australia and New Zealand.* -
  • Research identified 16 FND clinics, mostly located in urban areas, differing in their clinical practices, referral processes, and treatment approaches, with the majority catering to adults.* -
  • Clinics reported difficulties in managing demand and securing sufficient funding, highlighting the need for more resources and standardized practices to improve access to effective treatment.*
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  • Increases in harmful drinking among older adults have raised concerns about its impact on brain health, prompting a study focused on the relationship between alcohol consumption and changes in brain structure over time.
  • The study analyzed data from 530 participants aged 70 to 90, assessing various brain regions and volumes over a 6-year period while considering average alcohol intake and binge-drinking behaviors.
  • Results indicated that low-level alcohol consumption was associated with less brain atrophy in certain areas, while heavier drinking and binge-drinking were linked to poorer white matter integrity and greater atrophy in the corpus callosum.
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