Do Nitrogen and Phosphorus Additions Affect Nitrogen Fixation Associated with Tropical Mosses?

Tropical cloud forests are characterized by abundant and biodiverse mosses which grow epiphytically as well as on the ground. Nitrogen (N)-fixing cyanobacteria live in association with most mosses, and contribute greatly to the N pool via biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). However, the availability of nutrients, especially N and phosphorus (P), can influence BNF rates drastically.

World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP): Second edition of guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of anthelmintics in poultry.

This revision of the original poultry guidelines has been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies designed to assess the anthelmintic efficacy of drugs (newly discovered or currently used) against helminth parasites of chickens and turkeys. The original set of poultry guidelines was published in 2003. The current version provides an update on procedures to study and quantify the most important helminth parasites of chickens and turkeys, and to integrate these poultry guidelines with a new series of general, reflective and host-specific guidelines relative to assessing anthelmintic efficacy in production and companion animals.

Insight Into the Anti-staphylococcal Activity of JBC 1847 at Sub-Inhibitory Concentration.

Multidrug-resistant pathogens constitute a serious global issue and, therefore, novel antimicrobials with new modes of action are urgently needed. Here, we investigated the effect of a phenothiazine derivative (JBC 1847) with high antimicrobial activity on , using a wide range of assays, flow cytometry, and RNA transcriptomics. The flow cytometry results showed that JBC 1847 rapidly caused depolarization of the cell membrane, while the macromolecule synthesis inhibition assay showed that the synthesis rates of DNA, RNA, cell wall, and proteins, respectively, were strongly decreased.

A new phenothiazine derivate is active against Clostridioides difficile and shows low cytotoxicity.

The rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance in Clostridioides difficile and the consequent effects on prevention and treatment of C. difficile infections (CDIs) are matters of concern for public health. Thioridazine, a compound belonging to the phenothiazine group, has previous shown antimicrobial activity against C.

Efficacy of a novel antimicrobial hydrogel for eradication of , and from preformed biofilm and treatment performance in an MRSA wound model.

Background: Bacterial biofilm formation is a complicating factor in the antimicrobial treatment of bacterial infections.

Objectives: In this study, we assessed the impact of a novel hydrogel with the active antimicrobial compound JBC 1847 on eradication of preformed biofilms of , and MRSA , and evaluated the efficacy of MRSA wound treatment.

Methods: Biofilms were exposed to JBC 1847 for 24 h and subsequently the treatments were neutralized and surviving biofilm-associated bacteria recovered and enumerated.

A Novel Promazine Derivative Shows High and Antimicrobial Activity Against .

The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria constitutes a significant public health issue worldwide. Consequently, there is an urgent clinical need for novel treatment solutions. It has been shown that phenothiazines can act as adjuvants to antibiotics whereby the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antibiotic is decreased.

A Novel Derivative of Thioridazine Shows Low Toxicity and Efficient Activity against Gram-Positive Pathogens.

Thioridazine hydrochloride (HCl) has been suggested as a promising antimicrobial helper compound for the treatment of infections with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Unfortunately, the therapeutic concentration of thioridazine HCl is generally higher than what can be tolerated clinically, in part due to its toxic side effects on the central nervous system. Therefore, we aimed to synthesize a less toxic thioridazine derivative that would still retain its properties as a helper compound.

Language barriers and use of interpreters in two Danish paediatric emergency units.

Introduction: Paediatric consultations require safe and unambiguous communication. For children and adolescents of foreign ethnic and language backgrounds, professional interpretation may be crucial to avoid misunderstandings and malpractice. Knowledge about language barriers in paediatric consultations in the Danish healthcare is sparse.

Probabilistic modeling for an integrated temporary acquired immunity with norovirus epidemiological data.

Integration of acquired immunity into microbial risk assessment for illness incidence is of no doubt essential for the study of susceptibility to illness. In this study, a probabilistic model was set up as dose response for infection and a mathematical derivation was carried out by integrating immunity to obtain probability of illness models. Temporary acquire immunity from epidemiology studies which includes six different transmission scenarios such as symptomatic individuals infectious, pre- and post-symptomatic infectiousness (low and high), innate genetic resistance, genogroup 2 type 4 and those with no immune boosting by asymptomatic infection were evaluated.

In vitro toxicity of cationic micelles and liposomes in cultured human hepatocyte (HepG2) and lung epithelial (A549) cell lines.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cationic micelle and liposome drug delivery systems on liver and lung cells in a toxicological in vitro screening model, with observations on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. A screening battery was established for assessment of a broad range of parameters related to adverse effects. Clear concentration response effects were observed related to impairment of mitochondrial function, membrane integrity and oxidative stress markers, but no effect was observed on genotoxicity.

Test and validation of methods to sample and detect human virus from environmental surfaces using norovirus as a model virus.

Background: Viruses cause a major proportion of human infections, especially gastroenteritis and respiratory infections in children and adults. Indirect transmission between humans via environmental surfaces may play a role in infections, but methods to investigate this have been sparse.

Aim: To validate and test efficient and reliable procedures to detect multiple human pathogenic viruses on surfaces.

Presence of Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses in the Daycare Environment.

The number of children in daycare centers (DCCs) is rising. This increases exposure to microorganisms and infectious diseases. Little is known about which bacteria and viruses are present in the DCC environment and where they are located.

Immune gene expression in the spleen of chickens experimentally infected with Ascaridia galli.

Ascaridia galli is a gastrointestinal nematode infecting chickens. Chickens kept in alternative rearing systems or at free-range experience increased risk for infection with resulting high prevalences. A.

Cytokine gene expression profiles in chicken spleen and intestinal tissues during Ascaridia galli infection.

In the poultry production industry, chickens with access to outdoor areas are exposed to a wide range of parasites e.g. the helminth Ascaridia galli.

In vivo toxicity of cationic micelles and liposomes.

Unlabelled: This study investigated toxicity of nanocarriers comprised of cationic polymer and lipid components often used in gene and drug delivery, formulated as cationic micelles and liposomes. Rats were injected intravenously with 10, 25 or 100 mg/kg and sacrificed after 24 or 48 h, or 24 h after the last of three intravenous injections of 100 mg/kg every other day. Histological evaluation of liver, lung and spleen, clinical chemistry parameters, and hematology indicated little effect of treatment.

Acquisition of resistance after continuous infection with in chickens.

Acquired resistance against infection was studied in seventy-two 18-week-old white Leghorn chickens allocated to six groups (G1-G6). In order to understand the population dynamics following trickle-infection (100 eggs per chicken twice weekly), chickens of subgroups of G1 were necropsied 3 days after 1, 6 or 12 inoculations (G1A, G1B and G1C respectively), while G2-G4 were inoculated for 6 weeks. G2 was necropsied 4 weeks after the last inoculation.

Ascaridia galli infection influences the development of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity after Newcastle Disease vaccination in chickens.

Potent vaccine efficiency is crucial for disease control in both human and livestock vaccination programmes. Free range chickens and chickens with access to outdoor areas have a high risk of infection with parasites including Ascaridia galli, a gastrointestinal nematode with a potential influence on the immunological response to vaccination against other infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether A.

Differential toxicological response to positively and negatively charged nanoparticles in the rat brain.

We investigated the potential for systemic and local toxicity after administration of empty nanosized anionic and cationic PEGylated-micelles and non-PEGylated liposomes, without a ligand attached, intended for use in drug-delivery systems. The particles were administered to 5-6-week-old male rats by three intravenous (IV) administrations over a period of one week at a dose of 100 mg/kg bodyweight or after a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection at a dose of 50 µg. The particles were stable and well characterised with respect to size and zeta potential.

No protection in chickens immunized by the oral or intra-muscular immunization route with Ascaridia galli soluble antigen.

In chickens, the nematode Ascaridia galli is found with prevalences of up to 100% causing economic losses to farmers. No avian nematode vaccines have yet been developed and detailed knowledge about the chicken immune response towards A. galli is therefore of great importance.

In vitro inhibition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens by commercial probiotic strains.

Probiotics have gained importance in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and control clostridial enteric disease. Limited information is available on the ability of different probiotic bacteria used in food products to inhibit Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens. The objective of this study was to examine the in vitro inhibitory effects of selected commercial bacterial strains on pathogenic clostridia and their growth characteristics under simulated gastrointestinal conditions.

Comparison of parasite-specific immunoglobulin levels in two chicken lines during sustained infection with Ascaridia galli.

Increasingly large numbers of poultry are held in production systems with access to outdoor areas. In these systems intestinal helminths are found with flock prevalences of up to 100%. Helminth infections influence chicken health negatively, which is why the following investigation has been performed.

Multi-locus sequence typing and plasmid profile characterization of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli associated with increased mortality in free-range layer flocks.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strains originating from 10 free-range layer flocks were characterized by multi-locus sequence typing and plasmid profile analysis to investigate their phylogenetic relationship and diversity, respectively. In addition to colibacillosis, all flocks tested positive for antibodies against avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) during production, and six of the flocks were concurrently affected by histomonosis. Accumulated average mortality for flocks concurrently affected by colibacillosis and histomonosis made up 17.

Causes of mortality in commercial organic layers in Denmark.

A longitudinal study investigated the courses of mortality in commercial free-range organic layer flocks in Denmark. In total, 15 organic egg-producing flocks from 11 farms were randomly selected among 80 farms registered in Denmark. Four farms with confined egg production on deep litter were included for comparison.

MHC haplotype and susceptibility to experimental infections (Salmonella Enteritidis, Pasteurella multocida or Ascaridia galli) in a commercial and an indigenous chicken breed.

In three independent experimental infection studies, the susceptibility and course of infection of three pathogens considered of importance in most poultry production systems, Ascaridia galli, Salmonella Enteritidis and Pasteurella multocida were compared in two chicken breeds, the indigenous Vietnamese Ri and the commercial Luong Phuong. Furthermore, the association of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) with disease-related parameters was evaluated, using alleles of the LEI0258 microsatellite as markers for MHC haplotypes. The Ri chickens were found to be more resistant to A.

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) in two chicken breeds and the correlation with experimental Pasteurella multocida infection.

The present study is the first demonstration of an association of the genetic serum Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) concentration with bacterial infections in chickens. The genetic serum MBL concentration was determined in two chicken breeds, and the association with the specific Pasteurella multocida humoral immune response during an experimental infection was examined. Furthermore, we examined the association of the genetic serum MBL concentration with systemic infection.