[Morphological changes in ventricular germinal zone and neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres in human fetuses and newborns on weeks 22-40 of prenatal development].

In this study, we investigated the morphology of the ventricular germinal zone and neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres in the projection field no. 4 of the motor area in human fetuses in dynamics from week 22 to 40 of fetal development. Morphological study allowed us to clarify the following patterns of prenatal ontogeny of the human CNS.

[Primary cardiomyopathies].

The paper provides a review of literature on primary cardiomyopathy yet referring to as an inadequately studied abnormality that is diagnosed with difficulty by clinicians and frequently missed by pathologists at autopsy.

[A case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an 8-month-old baby].

The paper analyzes a death due to undiagnosed asymmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an 8-month-old baby. The peculiarities of this case are the extent of myocardial damage, the irreversibility of structural injuries in the absence of clinical symptoms, and a concurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and severe pneumonia and meningoencephalitis.

[Variants of pathomorphological changes in the thymus of in utero infected extremely low birth weight neonatal infants].

Objective: To analyze pathomorphological changes in the thymus of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonatal infants who have developed in the presence of in utero infection.

Subjects And Methods: A study group included 105 ELBW neonates who had developed in the presence of in utero infection. The main causes of their death were the following conditions: generalized viral and bacterial infection of mixed genesis (n = 56 (53.

[Structural changes in the germinal matrix of the brain of fetuses and neonatal infants with ventriculomegaly and congenital hydrocephalus].

Objective: To study structural changes in the germinal matrix (GM) in 22-to-40-week fetuses with ventriculomegaly (VM) and hydrocephalus (HC).

Material And Methods: The width of the ventricular groove was borne in mind while forming study groups (the brain in VM (n = 30), HC (n = 20)) and a comparison group (n = 30). To trace changes in GM transformation, each group was divided into 4 subgroups according to the gestational sign.

[S-100 protein expression in the different brain structures of fetus and newborns suffering from ventriculomegalia and hydrocephaly].

Parenchyma of brains from fetus and newborns (22-40 weeks of gestation), suffering from dilatation of the ventricular system has been studied by immunohistochemical method. The increasing of S-100 expression in germinal matrix and subcortex under hydrocephaly was significantly higher than in cases of ventriculomegalia (p < 0.01) and control group (p < 0.

[Growth factors are markers of placental insufficiency in third-trimester miscarriage].

The paper characterizes placental growth factors in the third trimester of pregnancy. The placental expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGFbeta2) was studied in miscarriage after 34-37 weeks pregnancy and during term labor. Chronic placental insufficiency was diagnosed in miscarriage.

[Pathomorphology of congenital ventriculomegaly].

The paper gives the results of a morphological investigation using ventricular system embedding, organometry, light and electron microscopies, histostereometry and immunohistohemistry of brains from 50 fetuses and neonatal infants of 22-27 weeks gestation. The comprehensive investigations revealed the morphological features of intrauterinally acquired ventriculomegaly, which reflect tissue immaturity of the parenchyma and the vascular component of the brain.

[Morphological criteria for thymic dyschronias in extremely low birth weight fetuses].

The paper emphasizes the importance of tissue malformations (dyschronias) in the development of immunodeficiency states in extremely low birth weight neonates. Thymuses from 115 fetuses at 22-27 weeks post-conception age were examined by immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies. Two types of thymic structural changes were identified in fetuses developing during transplacental infection.

[Introduction into fetal nosology].

The urgent social and medical problems of intrauterine death of alive fetuses require that pathomorphological studies of the fetoplacental complex be improved to diagnose major fetal abnormalities. It is proposed to refuse the universal diagnosis of symptomatic intrauterine hypoxia and to shift to its nosological diagnosis. Particular emphasis should be placed on the detection of placental-umbilical and cardiovascular pathology and hematogenic, hemorrhagic, and other fetal diseases.

[Some biochemical parameters in the placenta in discoordinated and powerless labors].

A number of biochemical parameters (total nitrites and nitrates (NO(x)), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), nitrotyrosine, medium-weight molecules (MCM) in the placenta were determined in women with gestosis during discoordinated and powerless labor. Thirty placentas (10 placentas from parturients after discoordinated labor, 10 from those after powerless labor, 10 placentas as a control group) were examined. Changes in the parameters under study were found to result in the development of nitroxide and oxidant stresses and endotoxicosis.

[Additional markers of placental insufficiency in gestosis accompanied by impaired labor activity].

To detect additional markers of placental insufficiency in gestosis accompanied by labor impairments, the authors have performed a comprehensive placental morphological study using organometric, histological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical techniques. Along with the earlier established markers, VEGF and vWF have been found to be additional markers of placental insufficiency. The latter make it possible not only to diagnose, but also to specify the stages of placental insufficiency.

[Guidelines for pathomorphological study of the brain of fetuses and neonatal infants with hydrocephalus].

Guidelines are proposed to study the brain of fetuses and neonatal infants with hydrocephalus. Some of them (evaluation of the rate of gyrification and its correspondence to the gestational period of the fetus, by visualizing the cerebral hemisphic surface; perfusion of cerebral vessels by the Karaganov fixator) are original, informative, and developed by the authors and are successfully used in the scientific and practical work of pathologists.

[Morphological diagnosis of placental pathology in uterine contraction disorders].

100 placentas were studied and various forms of gestosis were diagnosed. Inflammation was frequent in weak activity of uterus. Discoordination of contractile uterus activity results in redistribution of fetal circulation resulting in vascular pathology of the umbilical cord and villi, in part gestation of vessels of terminal and intermedial villi and anemisation of trunk villi.

[Morphologic and dopplerometric characteristics of spiral arteries in chronic placental insufficiency].

Placental basal membrane of 156 females of the reproductive age with various forms of placental insufficiency was quantitatively studied. Dopplerometry of spiral arteries with calculation of the resistance index (RI) was performed longitudinally at 20-40 weeks of the pregnancy. Non-complete gestational restructurisation resulted in the decrease of circulation in these vessels with high values of RI and this is one of causes in delay of fetus development.

[The role placental factors in formation of perinatal pathology in gestosis of different severity].

Morphological study of gestosis in 153 cases. In light degree of gestosis focal ishemic and hemorrhagic infarcti and vascular changes of villi are found; decrease of the size of intervillous space at moderate degree and the 2nd stage of chronical placental hypertension. Hypoplasia of placentas, umbilical cord pathology and chronical placental hypertension in gestosis of a grave degree.

[Some problems of anatomopathological diagnosis in perinatology].

The authors discuss the problems of adequate documentation of autopsy diagnosis in death of fetuses and newborns and relations to ICD-10. It is suggested to legitimize and perfect the structure of diagnosis in perinatology.

[Morphology of the cerebral cortex in fetuses and extremely low weight newborns in normal pregnancy and miscarriage of hormonal etiology].

Complex histologic, histostereometric and electron microscopic study of fields 4 and 6 of the brain cortex in fetuses and newborns with an extremely low body weight allowed to specify formation of histoarchitectonics of the motor analyser during the second trimester of perinatal ontogenesis. Stages of differentiation (20-23 weeks) and maturation (24-27 weeks) of neurons and cytoarchitectonic layers of the motor zone in uncomplicated pregnancy as well as slow maturation of this cortex region in incomplete pregnancy of hormonal genesis were discovered. In this condition, there are lengthening of the neuron differentiation stage up to 26 weeks of gestation and important reduction of histostereometrical values (thickness of individual cytoarchitectonic layers and that of all the cortex) and cytokaryometrical values (volume of neuron nuclei) as compared to those in uncomplicated pregnancy.

[Morphofunctional changes in the placenta and in the hypophyseal-adrenal system during low intensity infrared radiation in rats].

Morphofunctional conditions of hypophysealadrenal axis and placenta following hypoxis hypoxia and an infrared treatment, were studied in rats. The data obtained involved high levels of the DNA, RNA, and lipidogenesis. Probable mechanisms of structural changes are discussed.

[Formation of cerebral cortex relief in newborns with extremely low birth weight in the physiologic pregnancy and premature birth].

The course of cortical gyrification of the brain hemispheres in foetuses and newborns with an extremely low body weight in physiological pregnancy and premature birth. Topographical formation of the hemisphere cortex is completed by the 28th week of the intrauterine life. There exists a direct correlation between the period of the pregnancy and a certain spectrum of gyri.

[A comparative ultrastructural and morphometric analysis of the smooth myocytes in the tunicae intima and media of the human fetal aorta].

Transmission electron microscopy was used for studying the thoracic part of the aorta of 9 human fetuses of 20-28 weeks of development. In the medial tunic of the human fetus aorta there are smooth myocytes (SM) of the contractile and synthetic phenotypes. The latter are localized mainly in the inner part of the media.

[The three-dimensional structure of the tunica intima and tunica media of the human fetal aorta studied by a new method].

A new method is developed for revealing the latent surfaces in the structure of organs by scanning electronic microscopy. The method is based on the treatment of specimens with potassium ethoxide until cells start to appear in the dissociating solution. Using this method, thoracic aorta of nine human fetuses at the stage of 20-28 weeks was studied.

[Changes in the form and ultrastructure of the smooth-muscle cells in the human aorta in prenatal ontogeny].

The shape of smooth muscle cells (SMC) was analysed using the phase contrast microscopy of cell suspensions obtained by alcohol-alkali dissociation, as well as the semithin sections prepared in perpendicular planes. The phenotype of SMC was analysed using transmission electron microscopy. The shape of SMC changes from preferentially round to preferentially spindle-like and stellate one during development.