The Human Left Atrial Venous Circulation as a Vascular Route for Atrial Pharmacological Therapies: Effects of Ethanol Infusion.

Objectives: This study catalogued the human venous left atrium (LA) circulation system and the ablative effects of ethanol in different branches.

Background: Vascular routes to target the LA could have significant therapeutic potential. Beyond the vein of Marshall (VOM), the fluoroscopic LA venous anatomy has not been described.

Ethanol infusion in the vein of Marshall facilitates mitral isthmus ablation.

Background: Treatment of perimitral flutter (PMF) requires bidirectional mitral isthmus (MI) block, which can be difficult with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The vein of Marshall (VOM) is located within the MI.

Objective: To test whether VOM ethanol infusion could help achieve MI block.